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Grid-interfacing inverters act as the interface between renewable resources and the electric grid, and have the potential to offer fast and programmable controls compared to synchronous generators. With this flexibility there has been…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

Modern safety-critical energy infrastructures are increasingly operated in a hierarchical and modular control framework which allows for limited data exchange between the modules. In this context, it is important for each module to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-02 Jean-Baptiste Bouvier , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Melkior Ornik , Soumya Kundu

Microgrids are increasingly recognized as a key technology for the integration of distributed energy resources into the power network, allowing local clusters of load and distributed energy resources to operate autonomously. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Jeremy Watson , Yemi Ojo , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

Grid-forming (GFM) converters face significant challenges in limiting current during transient grid events while preserving their grid-forming behavior. This paper offers an elegant solution to the problem with a priori guarantees,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Michael Schneeberger , Silvia Mastellone , Florian Dörfler

Grid forming control applied to power converters that interface storage or renewable generation to the power grid, has been identified as a potential solution to facilitate a substantial share of converter-based renewable generation in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-28 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Guangya Yang

Grid-following and grid-forming inverters are integral components of microgrids and for integration of renewable energy sources with the grid. For grid following inverters, which need to emulate controllable current sources, a significant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-07 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V Salapaka

This paper investigates the transient stability of power systems co-dominated by different types of grid-forming (GFM) devices. Synchronous generators (SGs and VSGs) and droop-controlled inverters are typical GFM devices in modern power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-13 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

Differing from synchronous generators (SGs), grid-forming inverter-based resources (GFM-IBRs) exhibit rapid variations in their output impedances during transmission line faults due to the overcurrent limitation. As a result, the source…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-13 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

During grid faults, grid-forming converters are typically suggested to switch from a voltage-source to a current-source mode to limit the current and protect the electronics. This transition has the potential for the converter to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Youcefa Brahim Elkhalil , Nima Tashakor , Davood Keshavarzi , Ehsan Asadi , Stefan Goetz

AI data center loads create query-driven power transients on millisecond timescales. Such loads can violate the timescale separation assumptions underlying internal inverter control of grid-following resources collocated with data centers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Miroslav Kosanic , Marija Ilic

This paper develops a nonlinear grid-forming (GFM) controller with provable voltage-formation guarantees, with over-current limiting enforced via a control-barrier-function (CBF)-based safety filter. The nominal controller follows a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-04 Bhathiya Rathnayake , Sijia Geng

This paper presents a novel control structure and control synthesis method for regulating the output voltage/frequency and power injection of DC-AC inverters. The traditional droop method offers attractive solution to achieve compromise…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

In this paper, we analytically study the transient stability of grid-connected converters with grid-forming complex droop control, also known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control. We prove theoretically that complex droop control, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Irina Subotić , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

The energy mix of future power systems will include high shares of wind power and solar PV. These generation facilities are generally connected via power-electronic inverters. While conventional generation responds dynamically to the state…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-31 Philipp C. Böttcher , Leonardo Rydin Gorjão , Dirk Witthaut

With increased attention on grid-forming inverters as a power system stabilizing device during periods of high shares of inverter-based resource operations, there is a present need for a transparent and rigorous investigation of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-11 Rick Wallace Kenyon , Amirhossein Sajadi , Matt Bossart , Andy Hoke , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Due to the rise of distributed energy resources, the control of networks of grid-forming inverters is now a pressing issue for power system operation. Droop control is a popular control strategy in the literature for frequency control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-08 Kevin D. Smith , Saber Jafarpour , Francesco Bullo

Power systems with a high penetration of renewable generation are vulnerable to frequency oscillation and voltage instability. Traditionally, the stability of power systems is considered either in terms of local stability or as an angle…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-31 Xinyuan Jiang , Constantino M. Lagoa , Daning Huang , Yan Li

In this paper, a neural network predictive controller is proposed to regulate the active and the reactive power delivered to the grid generated by a three-phase virtual inertia-based inverter. The concept of the conventional virtual…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Sepehr Saadatmand , Mohammad Saleh Sanjarinia , Pourya Shamsi , Mehdi Ferdowsi , Donald C. Wunsch

We consider the problem of guaranteeing that the transient voltages and currents stay within prescribed bounds in Direct Current (DC) microgrids, when the controller does not have access to accurate system dynamics due to the load being…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-05 K. C. Kosaraju , S. Sivaranjani , V. Gupta