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Graphical languages, like quantum circuits or ZX-calculus, have been successfully designed to represent (memoryless) quantum computations acting on a finite number of qubits. Meanwhile, delayed traces have been used as a graphical way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-29 Titouan Carette , Marc de Visme , Simon Perdrix

ZX-calculus is a high-level graphical formalism for qubit computation. In this paper we give the ZX-rules that enable one to derive all equations between 2-qubit Clifford+T quantum circuits. Our rule set is only a small extension of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-13 Bob Coecke , Quanlong Wang

Quantum computing is an emerging technology in which quantum mechanical properties are suitably utilized to perform certain compute-intensive operations faster than classical computers. Quantum algorithms are designed as a combination of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Aravind Joshi , Akshara Kairali , Renju Raju , Adithya Athreya , Reena Monica P , Sanjay Vishwakarma , Srinjoy Ganguly

Finite-dimensional quantum theory serves as the theoretical foundation for quantum information and computation. Mathematically, it is formalized in the category FHilb, comprising all finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and linear maps between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Quanlong Wang , Boldizsár Poór , Razin A. Shaikh

The ZX-calculus is a powerful diagrammatic language for quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. We prove that its \pi/4-fragment is not complete, in other words the ZX-calculus is not complete for the so called "Clifford+T…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-11 Simon Perdrix , Quanlong Wang

We introduce the Spin-ZX calculus as an elevation of Penrose's diagrams and associated binor calculus to the level of a formal diagrammatic language. The power of doing so is illustrated by the variety of scientific areas we apply it to:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Quanlong Wang , Richard D. P. East , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh , Boldizsár Poór , Bob Coecke

From Feynman diagrams to tensor networks, diagrammatic representations of computations in quantum mechanics have catalysed progress in physics. These diagrams represent the underlying mathematical operations and aid physical interpretation,…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-01-11 Richard D. P. East , John van de Wetering , Nicholas Chancellor , Adolfo G. Grushin

Optimizing quantum circuits is a key challenge for quantum computing. The PyZX compiler broke new ground by optimizing circuits via the ZX calculus, a powerful graphical alternative to the quantum circuit model. Still, it carries no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Adrian Lehmann , Ben Caldwell , Robert Rand

We propose a novel quaternion product unit (QPU) to represent data on 3D rotation groups. The QPU leverages quaternion algebra and the law of 3D rotation group, representing 3D rotation data as quaternions and merging them via a weighted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-03 Xuan Zhang , Shaofei Qin , Yi Xu , Hongteng Xu

The ZX-calculus is a graphical calculus for reasoning about pure state qubit quantum mechanics. It is complete for pure qubit stabilizer quantum mechanics, meaning any equality involving only stabilizer operations that can be derived using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-31 Miriam Backens

Diagrammatic techniques for reasoning about monoidal categories provide an intuitive understanding of the symmetries and connections of interacting computational processes. In the context of categorical quantum mechanics, Coecke and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-01-29 Amar Hadzihasanovic

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum information processing is a promising candidate for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, analysis of CV quantum process relies mostly on direct computation of the evolution of operators…

We propose a quantum programming language that generalizes the $\lambda$-calculus. The language is non-linear; duplicated variables denote, not cloning of quantum data, but sharing a qubit's state; that is, producing an entangled pair of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 Nicklas Botö , Fabian Forslund

The ZX-calculus is an algebraic formalism that allows quantum computations to be simplified via a small number of simple graphical rewrite rules. Recently, it was shown that, when combined with a family of "sum-over-Cliffords" techniques,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Matthew Sutcliffe , Aleks Kissinger

Mapping fermionic systems to qubits on a quantum computer is often the first step for algorithms in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics. However, it is difficult to reconcile the many different approaches that have been proposed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Haytham McDowall-Rose , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh

In this paper we exploit the utility of the triangle symbol which has a complicated expression in terms of spider diagrams in ZX-calculus, and its role within the ZX-representation of AND-gates in particular. First, we derive spider nest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Anthony Munson , Bob Coecke , Quanlong Wang

The ZW-calculus is a graphical language capable of representing 2-dimensional quantum systems (qubit) through its diagrams, and manipulating them through its equational theory. We extend the formalism to accommodate finite dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-06 Marc de Visme , Renaud Vilmart

This note describes how the the scalable ZXH calculus can be used to represent in a compact way the quantum gates that are diagonal in the computational basis. This includes controlled and multi-controlled Z gates, their generalizations,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-18 Titouan Carette

We present a completely new approach to quantum circuit optimisation, based on the ZX-calculus. We first interpret quantum circuits as ZX-diagrams, which provide a flexible, lower-level language for describing quantum computations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Ross Duncan , Aleks Kissinger , Simon Perdrix , John van de Wetering

The compositional techniques of categorical quantum mechanics are applied to analyse 3-qubit quantum entanglement. In particular the graphical calculus of complementary observables and corresponding phases due to Duncan and one of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-03-17 Bob Coecke , Bill Edwards