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Attribution scores indicate the importance of different input parts and can, thus, explain model behaviour. Currently, prompt-based models are gaining popularity, i.a., due to their easier adaptability in low-resource settings. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Wei Zhou , Heike Adel , Hendrik Schuff , Ngoc Thang Vu

Recent advancements in machine learning have emphasized the need for transparency in model predictions, particularly as interpretability diminishes when using increasingly complex architectures. In this paper, we propose leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Chenrui Zhu , Louenas Bounia , Vu Linh Nguyen , Sébastien Destercke , Arthur Hoarau

The large size and complex decision mechanisms of state-of-the-art text classifiers make it difficult for humans to understand their predictions, leading to a potential lack of trust by the users. These issues have led to the adoption of…

Chain-of-thought explanations are widely used to inspect the decision process of large language models (LLMs) and to evaluate the trustworthiness of model outputs, making them important for effective collaboration between LLMs and humans.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Pedro Ferreira , Wilker Aziz , Ivan Titov

Good quality explanations strengthen the understanding of language models and data. Feature attribution methods, such as Integrated Gradient, are a type of post-hoc explainer that can provide token-level insights. However, explanations on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jonathan Kamp , Roos Bakker , Dominique Blok

With their increase in performance, neural network architectures also become more complex, necessitating explainability. Therefore, many new and improved methods are currently emerging, which often generate so-called saliency maps in order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Leonid Schwenke , Martin Atzmueller

Formal explainability guarantees the rigor of computed explanations, and so it is paramount in domains where rigor is critical, including those deemed high-risk. Unfortunately, since its inception formal explainability has been hampered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Xuanxiang Huang , Joao Marques-Silva

To assist humans in efficiently validating RAG-generated content, developing a fine-grained attribution mechanism that provides supporting evidence from retrieved documents for every answer span is essential. Existing fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Qiang Ding , Lvzhou Luo , Yixuan Cao , Ping Luo

Given a machine learning (ML) model and a prediction, explanations can be defined as sets of features which are sufficient for the prediction. In some applications, and besides asking for an explanation, it is also critical to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Xuanxiang Huang , Martin C. Cooper , Antonio Morgado , Jordi Planes , Joao Marques-Silva

Although deep learning has shown great success in recent years, researchers have discovered a critical flaw where small, imperceptible changes in the input to the system can drastically change the output classification. These attacks are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-21 Jacob M. Springer , Charles S. Strauss , Austin M. Thresher , Edward Kim , Garrett T. Kenyon

Deep neural networks are often considered opaque systems, prompting the need for explainability methods to improve trust and accountability. Existing approaches typically attribute test-time predictions either to input features (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aziz Bacha , Thomas George

We address the need to generate faithful explanations of "black box" Deep Learning models. Several tests have been proposed to determine aspects of faithfulness of explanation methods, but they lack cross-domain applicability and a rigorous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Harshinee Sriram , Cristina Conati

Supervised machine learning utilizes large datasets, often with ground truth labels annotated by humans. While some data points are easy to classify, others are hard to classify, which reduces the inter-annotator agreement. This causes…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Andrea Papenmeier , Dagmar Kern , Daniel Hienert , Yvonne Kammerer , Christin Seifert

Recent legislative regulations have underlined the need for accountable and transparent artificial intelligence systems and have contributed to a growing interest in the Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) field. Nonetheless, the lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ilaria Vascotto , Alex Rodriguez , Alessandro Bonaita , Luca Bortolussi

Causal inference with observational studies often suffers from unmeasured confounding, yielding biased estimators based on the unconfoundedness assumption. Sensitivity analysis assesses how the causal conclusions change with respect to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-01 Sizhu Lu , Peng Ding

Deep neural networks are the default choice of learning models for computer vision tasks. Extensive work has been carried out in recent years on explaining deep models for vision tasks such as classification. However, recent work has shown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Anindya Sarkar , Anirban Sarkar , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Feature attribution methods help make machine learning-based inference explainable by determining how much one or several features have contributed to a model's output. A particularly popular attribution method is based on the Shapley value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Filip Naudot , Tobias Sundqvist , Timotheus Kampik

The amount of information in the form of features and variables avail- able to machine learning algorithms is ever increasing. This can lead to classifiers that are prone to overfitting in high dimensions, high di- mensional models do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-02-12 Aaron Karper

While generalizing well over natural inputs, neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial inputs. Existing defenses against adversarial inputs have largely been detached from the real world. These defenses also come at a cost to accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Varun Chandrasekaran , Brian Tang , Nicolas Papernot , Kassem Fawaz , Somesh Jha , Xi Wu

Feature attribution explains neural network outputs by identifying relevant input features. The attribution has to be faithful, meaning that the attributed features must mirror the input features that influence the output. One recent trend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Yang Zhang , Yawei Li , Hannah Brown , Mina Rezaei , Bernd Bischl , Philip Torr , Ashkan Khakzar , Kenji Kawaguchi