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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive progress in complex reasoning tasks, largely driven by the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) paradigm, which decomposes difficult problems into intermediate steps. However, CoT reasoning…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rui Wang , Zeming Wei , Yihao Zhang , Xiaokun Luan

Meaningful human-AI collaboration requires more than processing language; it demands a deeper understanding of symbols and their socially constructed meanings. While humans naturally interpret symbols through social interaction, AI systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Reza Habibi , Seung Wan Ha , Zhiyu Lin , Atieh Kashani , Ala Shafia , Lakshana Lakshmanarajan , Chia-Fang Chung , Magy Seif El-Nasr

The unification of low-level perception and high-level reasoning is a long-standing problem in artificial intelligence, which has the potential to not only bring the areas of logic and learning closer together but also demonstrate how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Anton Fuxjaeger , Vaishak Belle

Artificial Neural Networks are powerful function approximators capable of modelling solutions to a wide variety of problems, both supervised and unsupervised. As their size and expressivity increases, so too does the variance of the model,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-26 Richard Evans , Edward Grefenstette

Arguments in favor of injecting symbolic knowledge into neural architectures abound. When done right, constraining a sub-symbolic model can substantially improve its performance and sample complexity and prevent it from predicting invalid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Stefano Teso

In this paper, we present our position for a neuralsymbolic integration strategy, arguing in favor of a hybrid representation to promote an effective integration. Such description differs from others fundamentally, since its entities aim at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-19 Marcio Moreno , Daniel Civitarese , Rafael Brandao , Renato Cerqueira

Building models for realistic natural language tasks requires dealing with long texts and accounting for complicated structural dependencies. Neural-symbolic representations have emerged as a way to combine the reasoning capabilities of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Maria Leonor Pacheco , Dan Goldwasser

Learning the underlying patterns in data goes beyond instance-based generalization to external knowledge represented in structured graphs or networks. Deep learning that primarily constitutes neural computing stream in AI has shown…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Ugur Kursuncu , Manas Gaur , Amit Sheth

Logic-based machine learning aims to learn general, interpretable knowledge in a data-efficient manner. However, labelled data must be specified in a structured logical form. To address this limitation, we propose a neural-symbolic learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Daniel Cunnington , Mark Law , Alessandra Russo , Jorge Lobo

Researchers across cognitive, neuro-, and computer sciences increasingly reference human-like artificial intelligence and neuroAI. However, the scope and use of the terms are often inconsistent. Contributed research ranges widely from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Ida Momennejad

A recommendation system assists users in finding items that are relevant to them. Existing recommendation models are primarily based on predicting relationships between users and items and use complex matching models or incorporate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Maonian Wu , Bang Chen , Shaojun Zhu , Bo Zheng , Wei Peng , Mingyi Zhang

We present a framework where neural models develop an AI Mother Tongue, a native symbolic language that simultaneously supports intuitive reasoning, compositional symbol chains, and inherent interpretability. Unlike post-hoc explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Hung Ming Liu

What types of numeric representations emerge in neural systems, and what would a satisfying answer to this question look like? In this work, we interpret Neural Network (NN) solutions to sequence based number tasks using a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Satchel Grant , Noah D. Goodman , James L. McClelland

Neuro-symbolic hybrid systems are promising for integrating machine learning and symbolic reasoning, where perception models are facilitated with information inferred from a symbolic knowledge base through logical reasoning. Despite…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Lue Tao , Yu-Xuan Huang , Wang-Zhou Dai , Yuan Jiang

Neurosymbolic AI combines neural network adaptability with symbolic reasoning, promising an approach to address the complex regulatory, operational, and safety challenges in Advanced Air Mobility (AAM). This survey reviews its applications…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Kamal Acharya , Iman Sharifi , Mehul Lad , Liang Sun , Houbing Song

Artificial intelligence is continuously seeking novel challenges and benchmarks to effectively measure performance and to advance the state-of-the-art. In this paper we introduce KANDY, a benchmarking framework that can be used to generate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Luca Salvatore Lorello , Marco Lippi , Stefano Melacci

This paper reviews literature in cognitive science, human-computer interaction (HCI) and natural-language processing (NLP) to consider how analogical reasoning (AR) could help inform the design of communication and learning technologies, as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Sara Kingsley

Neural networks have been rapidly expanding in recent years, with novel strategies and applications. However, challenges such as interpretability, explainability, robustness, safety, trust, and sensibility remain unsolved in neural network…

While deep neural networks have led to major advances in image recognition, language translation, data mining, and game playing, there are well-known limits to the paradigm such as lack of explainability, difficulty of incorporating prior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Paulo Shakarian , Gerardo I. Simari

Imitation learning is a popular method for teaching robots new behaviors. However, most existing methods focus on teaching short, isolated skills rather than long, multi-step tasks. To bridge this gap, imitation learning algorithms must not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Leon Keller , Daniel Tanneberg , Jan Peters
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