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With artificial intelligence (AI) embedded in many everyday software systems, effectively and reliably developing and maintaining AI systems becomes an essential skill for software developers. However, the complexity inherent to AI poses…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Thomas Weber

The field of explainable AI (XAI) has quickly become a thriving and prolific community. However, a silent, recurrent and acknowledged issue in this area is the lack of consensus regarding its terminology. In particular, each new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Sebastian Palacio , Adriano Lucieri , Mohsin Munir , Jörn Hees , Sheraz Ahmed , Andreas Dengel

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has re-emerged in response to the development of modern AI and ML systems. These systems are complex and sometimes biased, but they nevertheless make decisions that impact our lives. XAI systems are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Shane T. Mueller , Elizabeth S. Veinott , Robert R. Hoffman , Gary Klein , Lamia Alam , Tauseef Mamun , William J. Clancey

Explainability plays a crucial role in providing a more comprehensive understanding of deep learning models' behaviour. This allows for thorough validation of the model's performance, ensuring that its decisions are based on relevant visual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 E. Zhixuan Zeng , Hayden Gunraj , Sheldon Fernandez , Alexander Wong

Machine learning systems increasingly make life-changing decisions about individuals, such as loan approvals, hiring, and cheating detection, raising a pressing question: how can individuals respond to negative decisions made by these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-18 Timo Freiesleben , Kristof Meding , Gunnar König

While large-scale models such as LLMs and diffusion models have achieved practical success, public institutions have emphasized the importance of explainability in AI. Existing methods for explaining AI, however, are not designed to provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Atsushi Suzuki , Jing Wang

Given the importance of integrating of explainability into machine learning, at present, there are a lack of pedagogical resources exploring this. Specifically, we have found a need for resources in explaining how one can teach the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Andreas Bueff , Ioannis Papantonis , Auste Simkute , Vaishak Belle

Despite the fact that Artificial Intelligence (AI) has boosted the achievement of remarkable results across numerous data analysis tasks, however, this is typically accompanied by a significant shortcoming in the exhibited transparency and…

The integration of Artificial Intelligence in the development of computer systems presents a new challenge: make intelligent systems explainable to humans. This is especially vital in the field of health and well-being, where transparency…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly complex, making it difficult for users to understand how the AI has derived its prediction. Using explainable AI (XAI)-methods, researchers aim to explain AI decisions to users. So far,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Lara Riefle , Patrick Hemmer , Carina Benz , Michael Vössing , Jannik Pries

The rise of machine learning (ML) is accompanied by several high-profile cases that have stressed the need for fairness, accountability, explainability and trust in ML systems. The existing literature has largely focused on fully automated…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Bhavya Ghai

Artificial intelligence models encounter significant challenges due to their black-box nature, particularly in safety-critical domains such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Melkamu Mersha , Khang Lam , Joseph Wood , Ali AlShami , Jugal Kalita

Legislation and public sentiment throughout the world have promoted fairness metrics, explainability, and interpretability as prescriptions for the responsible development of ethical artificial intelligence systems. Despite the importance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Erick Galinkin

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is essential for building advanced machine learning-powered applications, especially in critical domains such as medical diagnostics or autonomous driving. Legal, business, and ethical requirements…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Tobias Labarta , Elizaveta Kulicheva , Ronja Froelian , Christian Geißler , Xenia Melman , Julian von Klitzing

This paper establishes a theoretical foundation for understanding the fundamental limits of AI explainability through algorithmic information theory. We formalize explainability as the approximation of complex models by simpler ones,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Shrisha Rao

Recent work on interpretability in machine learning and AI has focused on the building of simplified models that approximate the true criteria used to make decisions. These models are a useful pedagogical device for teaching trained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Brent Mittelstadt , Chris Russell , Sandra Wachter

Large-scale AI models such as GPT-4 have accelerated the deployment of artificial intelligence across critical domains including law, healthcare, and finance, raising urgent questions about trust and transparency. This study investigates…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Allen Daniel Sunny

Understanding AI systems' inner workings is critical for ensuring value alignment and safety. This review explores mechanistic interpretability: reverse engineering the computational mechanisms and representations learned by neural networks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Leonard Bereska , Efstratios Gavves

Providing meaningful and actionable explanations to end-users is a fundamental prerequisite for implementing explainable intelligent systems in the real world. Explainability is a situated interaction between a user and the AI system rather…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Garrick Cabour , Andrés Morales , Élise Ledoux , Samuel Bassetto

Recent applications of autonomous agents and robots, such as self-driving cars, scenario-based trainers, exploration robots, and service robots have brought attention to crucial trust-related challenges associated with the current…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Fatai Sado , Chu Kiong Loo , Wei Shiung Liew , Matthias Kerzel , Stefan Wermter