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With significantly improved sensitivity, the Einstein Telescope (ET), along with other upcoming gravitational wave detectors, will mark the beginning of precision gravitational wave astronomy. However, the pursuit of surpassing current…

The Einstein Telescope (ET) will be the next generation gravitational wave observatory in Europe with a sensitivity reaching beyond the CMB into the dark era of the Universe. Each corner of the triangular baseline design is the center of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-25 Thomas Höhn , Adrian Schwenck , Thomas Thümmler , Joachim Wolf , Ralph Engel , Andreas Haungs , Einstein Telescope Pathfinder , collaboration

There exists the standard quantum limit (SQL), derived from Heisenberg's uncertainty relation, in the sensitivity of laser interferometer gravitational-wave detectors. However, in the context of a full quantum-mechanical approach, SQL can…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Atsushi Nishizawa , Seiji Kawamura , Masa-aki Sakagami

We present a novel tunnel architecture for the Einstein Telescope that departs from the traditional large-cavern approach and reduces the excavated volume by an order of magnitude. In the proposed design, all seismic isolation systems are…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-21 Riccardo DeSalvo , Emerald Gingell , Jesús Leonardo González López , Nelson Leon , Marina Mondin , Harry Themann , Fabián Erasmo Peña Arellano

The third-generation of gravitational wave observatories, such as the Einstein Telescope (ET) and Cosmic Explorer (CE), aim for an improvement in sensitivity of at least a factor of ten over a wide frequency range compared to the current…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-05 A. Utina , A. Amato , J. Arends , C. Arina , M. de Baar , M. Baars , P. Baer , N. van Bakel , W. Beaumont , A. Bertolini , M. van Beuzekom , S. Biersteker , A. Binetti , H. J. M. ter Brake , G. Bruno , J. Bryant , H. J. Bulten , L. Busch , P. Cebeci , C. Collette , S. Cooper , R. Cornelissen , P. Cuijpers , M. van Dael , S. Danilishin , D. Dixit , S. van Doesburg , M. Doets , R. Elsinga , V. Erends , J. van Erps , A. Freise , H. Frenaij , R. Garcia , M. Giesberts , S. Grohmann , H. Van Haevermaet , S. Heijnen , J. V. van Heijningen , E. Hennes , J. -S. Hennig , M. Hennig , T. Hertog , S. Hild , H. -D. Hoffmann , G. Hoft , M. Hopman , D. Hoyland , G. A. Iandolo , C. Ietswaard , R. Jamshidi , P. Jansweijer , A. Jones , P. Jones , N. Knust , G. Koekoek , X. Koroveshi , T. Kortekaas , A. N. Koushik , M. Kraan , M. van de Kraats , S. L. Kranzhoff , P. Kuijer , K. A. Kukkadapu , K. Lam , N. Letendre , P. Li , R. Limburg , F. Linde , J. -P. Locquet , P. Loosen , H. Lueck , M. Martınez , A. Masserot , F. Meylahn , M. Molenaar , C. Mow-Lowry , J. Mundet , B. Munneke , L. van Nieuwland , E. Pacaud , D. Pascucci , S. Petit , Z. Van Ranst , G. Raskin , P. M. Recaman , N. van Remortel , L. Rolland , L. de Roo , E. Roose , J. C. Rosier , D. Ryckbosch , K. Schouteden , A. Sevrin , A. Sider , A. Singha , V. Spagnuolo , A. Stahl , J. Steinlechner , S. Steinlechner , B. Swinkels , N. Szilasi , M. Tacca , H. Thienpont , A. Vecchio , H. Verkooijen , C. H. Vermeer , M. Vervaeke , G. Visser , R. Walet , P. Werneke , C. Westhofen , B. Willke , A. Xhahi , T. Zhang

Stray light represents a significant noise source for gravitational wave detectors, requiring an accurate modeling and mitigation to preserve the experiment's sensitivity. In this article, we present an updated and improved analysis of the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-06-24 M. Andrés-Carcasona , J. Grandes Umbert , D. González-Lociga , M. Martínez , Ll. M. Mir , H. Yamamoto

We present an estimation of the noise induced by scattered light inside the main arms of the Einstein Telescope (ET) gravitational wave detector. Both ET configurations for high- and low-frequency interferometers are considered, for which…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-27 M. Andrés-Carcasona , A. Macquet , M. Martínez , Ll. M. Mir , H. Yamamoto

Broadband quantum noise reduction can be achieved in gravitational wave detectors by injecting frequency dependent squeezed light into the the dark port of the interferometer. This frequency dependent squeezing can be generated by combining…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Jacob L. Beckey , Yiqiu Ma , Vincent Boyer , Haixing Miao

Several proposed gravitational wave interferometers have a triangular configuration, such as the Einstein Telescope and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. For such a configuration one can construct a unique null channel insensitive to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-03 Kamiel Janssens , Guillaume Boileau , Marie-Anne Bizouard , Nelson Christensen , Tania Regimbau , Nick van Remortel

Advanced gravitational wave detectors, currently under construction, are expected to directly observe gravitational wave signals of astrophysical origin. The Einstein Telescope, a third-generation gravitational wave detector, has been…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-20 S. Hild , M. Abernathy , F. Acernese , P. Amaro-Seoane , N. Andersson , K. Arun , F. Barone , B. Barr , M. Barsuglia , M. Beker , N. Beveridge , S. Birindelli , S. Bose , L. Bosi , S. Braccini , C. Bradaschia , T. Bulik , E. Calloni , G. Cella , E. Chassande Mottin , S. Chelkowski , A. Chincarini , J. Clark , E. Coccia , C. Colacino , J. Colas , A. Cumming , L. Cunningham , E. Cuoco , S. Danilishin , K. Danzmann , R. De Salvo , T. Dent , R. De Rosa , L. Di Fiore , A. Di Virgilio , M. Doets , V. Fafone , P. Falferi , R. Flaminio , J. Franc , F. Frasconi , A. Freise , D. Friedrich , P. Fulda , J. Gair , G. Gemme , E. Genin , A. Gennai , A. Giazotto , K. Glampedakis , C. Gräf , M. Granata , H. Grote , G. Guidi , A. Gurkovsky , G. Hammond , M. Hannam , J. Harms , D. Heinert , M. Hendry , I. Heng , E. Hennes , J. Hough , S. Husa , S. Huttner , G. Jones , F. Khalili , K. Kokeyama , K. Kokkotas , B. Krishnan , T. G. F. Li , M. Lorenzini , H. Lück , E. Majorana , I. Mandel , V. Mandic , M. Mantovani , I. Martin , C. Michel , Y. Minenkov , N. Morgado , S. Mosca , B Mours , H. Müller-Ebhardt , P. Murray , R. Nawrodt , J. Nelson , R. Oshaughnessy , C. D. Ott , C. Palomba , A. Paoli , G. Parguez , A. Pasqualetti , R. Passaquieti , D. Passuello , L. Pinard , W. Plastino , R. Poggiani1 , P. Popolizio , M. Prato , M. Punturo , P. Puppo , D. Rabeling , P. Rapagnani , J. Read , T. Regimbau , H. Rehbein , S. Reid , F. Ricci , F. Richard , A. Rocchi , S. Rowan , A. Rüdiger , L. Santamaría , B. Sassolas , B. Sathyaprakash , R. Schnabel , C. Schwarz , P. Seidel , A. Sintes , K. Somiya , F. Speirits , K. Strain , S Strigin , P. Sutton , S. Tarabrin , A. Thüring , J. van den Brand , M. van Veggel , C. van den Broeck , A. Vecchio , J. Veitch , F. Vetrano , A. Vicere , S. Vyatchanin , B. Willke , G. Woan , K. Yamamoto

The Einstein Telescope is a proposed third generation gravitational wave detector that will operate in the region of 1 Hz to a few kHz. As well as the inspiral of compact binaries composed of neutron stars or black holes, the lower…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-01-28 Leone Bosi , Edward K. Porter

The future laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors sensitivity can be improved using squeezed light. In particular, recently a scheme which uses the optical field with frequency dependent squeeze factor, prepared by means of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 F. Ya. Khalilli

We present a multi-scale optimal control framework for active seismic isolation in the Einstein Telescope, a third-generation gravitational-wave observatory. Our approach jointly optimizes feedback and blending filters in a cross-coupled…

The Einstein Telescope is a third-generation underground gravitational wave observatory designed to achieve unprecedented sensitivity down to 3 Hz. Waves propagating in the soil due to anthropogenic or natural vibration sources generate…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Pieter Reumers , Xhorxha Kuci , Stijn François , Geert Degrande

We consider enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors by adding optical filters inside the signal-recycling cavity -- an intracavity filtering scheme, which coherently feeds the sideband signal back to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-04-03 Mengyao Wang , Haixing Miao , Andreas Freise , Yanbei Chen

We present a concept of a mirror for the application in high-reflectivity low-noise instruments such as interferometers. The concept is based on an etalon with a metasurface (meta-etalon) on the front and a conventional multilayer stack on…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-10-24 Johannes Dickmann , Stefanie Kroker

The Einstein Telescope faces a critical data analysis challenge with correlated noise, often overlooked in current parameter estimation analyses. We address this issue by presenting the statistical formulation of the likelihood that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-03 Francesco Cireddu , Milan Wils , Isaac C. F. Wong , Peter T. H. Pang , Tjonnie G. F. Li , Walter Del Pozzo

The Einstein Telescope (ET) is the future third generation gravitational wave detector consisting of three independent interferometers arranged in a triangular configuration, with the sensitivity large enough to be able to detect stellar…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-08-25 Neha Singh , Tomasz Bulik

Quantum noise limits the sensitivity of precision measurement devices, such as laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatories and axion detectors. In the shot-noise-limited regime, these resonant detectors are subject to a trade-off…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Xiang Li , Jiri Smetana , Amit Singh Ubhi , Joe Bentley , Yanbei Chen , Yiqiu Ma , Haixing Miao , Denis Martynov

Superconducting cavities with high quality factors play an essential role in circuit quantum electrodynamics and quantum computing. In measurements of the the intrinsic loss rates of high frequency modes, it can be challenging to design an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-01 Byoung-moo Ann , Gary A. Steele