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The reachability problem for vector addition systems is a central problem of net theory. This problem is known to be decidable but the complexity is still unknown. Whereas the problem is EXPSPACE-hard, no elementary upper bounds complexity…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Jérôme Leroux

Vector Addition Systems and equivalent Petri nets are a well established models of concurrency. The central algorithmic problem for Vector Addition Systems with a long research history is the reachability problem asking whether there exists…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Wojciech Czerwiński , Łukasz Orlikowski

The reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS) has been shown to be \textsc{Ackermann}-complete. For every $k\geq 3$, a completeness result for the $k$-dimensional VASS reachability problem is not yet available. It…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Qizhe Yang , Yuxi Fu

The reachability problem in vector addition systems is a central question, not only for the static verification of these systems, but also for many inter-reducible decision problems occurring in various fields. The currently best known…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

Vector addition system with states is an ubiquitous model of computation with extensive applications in computer science. The reachability problem for vector addition systems is central since many other problems reduce to that question. The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre

The reachability problem in 3-dimensional vector addition systems with states (3-VASS) is known to be PSpace-hard, and to belong to Tower. We significantly narrow down the complexity gap by proving the problem to be solvable in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Wojciech Czerwiński , Ismaël Jecker , Sławomir Lasota , Łukasz Orlikowski

Determining the complexity of the reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS) is a long-standing open problem in computer science. Long known to be decidable, the problem to this day lacks any complexity upper bound…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-20 Michael Blondin , Alain Finkel , Stefan Göller , Christoph Haase , Pierre McKenzie

Reachability in pushdown vector addition systems with states (PVASS) is among the longest standing open problems in Theoretical Computer Science. We show that the problem is decidable in full generality. Our decision procedure is similar in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Roland Guttenberg , Eren Keskin , Roland Meyer

Vectors addition systems with states (VASS), or equivalently Petri nets, are arguably one of the most studied formalisms for the modeling and analysis of concurrent systems. A central decision problem for VASS is reachability: whether there…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Clotilde Bizière , Thibault Hilaire , Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre

Pushdown Vector Addition Systems with States (PVASS) consist of finitely many control states, a pushdown stack, and a set of counters that can be incremented and decremented, but not tested for zero. Whether the reachability problem is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-01 A. R. Balasubramanian , Rupak Majumdar , Ramanathan S. Thinniyam , Georg Zetzsche

Vector addition systems with states (VASS), also known as Petri nets, are a popular model of concurrent systems. Many problems from many areas reduce to the reachability problem for VASS, which consists of deciding whether a target…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Roland Guttenberg , Wojciech Czerwiński , Sławomir Lasota

By adapting the iterative yardstick construction of Stockmeyer, we show that the reachability problem for vector addition systems with a stack does not have elementary complexity. As a corollary, the same lower bound holds for the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-08 Ranko Lazic

We study pushdown vector addition systems, which are synchronized products of pushdown automata with vector addition systems. The question of the boundedness of the reachability set for this model can be refined into two decision problems…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-28 Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre , Patrick Totzke

Vector Addition Systems (VAS), aka Petri nets, are a popular model of concurrency. The reachability set of a VAS is the set of configurations reachable from the initial configuration. Leroux has studied the geometric properties of VAS…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Roland Guttenberg , Mikhail Raskin , Javier Esparza

Reachability of vector addition systems with states (VASS) is Ackermann complete~\cite{leroux2021reachability,czerwinski2021reachability}. For $d$-dimensional VASS reachability it is known that the problem is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yuxi Fu , Yangluo Zheng , Qizhe Yang

Petri nets, also known as vector addition systems, are a long established model of concurrency with extensive applications in modelling and analysis of hardware, software and database systems, as well as chemical, biological and business…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-12 Wojciech Czerwinski , Slawomir Lasota , Ranko Lazic , Jerome Leroux , Filip Mazowiecki

Vector addition systems (VAS) constitute an important model of computation and concurrency that is equally expressive as the Petri net model. Recently, a lot of research has been conducted on vector addition systems with states (VASS),…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Weijun Chen , Yuxi Fu , Yangluo Zheng

More than 30 years after their inception, the decidability proofs for reachability in vector addition systems (VAS) still retain much of their mystery. These proofs rely crucially on a decomposition of runs successively refined by Mayr,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-11 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

The reachability problem is a central decision problem for formal verification based on vector addition systems with states (VASS), which are equivalent to Petri nets and form one of the most studied and applied models of concurrency.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Wojciech Czerwiński , Sławomir Lasota , Ranko Lazić , Jérôme Leroux , Filip Mazowiecki

We investigate the dimension-parametric complexity of the reachability problem in vector addition systems with states (VASS) and its extension with pushdown stack (pushdown VASS). Up to now, the problem is known to be $\mathcal{F}_k$-hard…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Wojciech Czerwiński , Ismaël Jecker , Sławomir Lasota , Jérôme Leroux , Łukasz Orlikowski
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