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The adoption of blockchain based distributed ledgers is growing fast due to their ability to provide reliability, integrity, and auditability without trusted entities. One of the key capabilities of these emerging platforms is the ability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Anastasia Mavridou , Aron Laszka , Emmanouela Stachtiari , Abhishek Dubey

Ethereum has emerged as the most popular smart contract development platform, with hundreds of thousands of contracts stored on the blockchain and covering a variety of application scenarios, such as auctions, trading platforms, and so on.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-05-18 Clara Schneidewind , Ilya Grishchenko , Markus Scherer , Matteo Maffei

With the development of blockchain technology, the detection of smart contract vulnerabilities is increasingly emphasized. However, when detecting vulnerabilities in inter-contract interactions (i.e., cross-contract vulnerabilities) using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Xiao Chen

The inherent determinism of blockchain technology poses a significant challenge to generating secure random numbers within smart contracts, leading to exploitable vulnerabilities, particularly in decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystems and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hadis Rezaei , Ahmed Afif Monrat , Karl Andersson , Francesco Flammini

We reveal six zero-day social engineering attacks in Ethereum, and subdivide them into two classes: Address Manipulation and Homograph. We demonstrate the attacks by embedding them in source codes of five popular smart contracts with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Nikolay Ivanov , Qiben Yan

Ethereum smart contracts are executable programs, deployed on a peer-to-peer network and executed in a consensus-based fashion. Their bytecode is public, immutable and once deployed to the blockchain, cannot be patched anymore. As smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Konrad Weiss , Julian Schütte

Recent years have seen an explosion of activity in Generative AI, specifically Large Language Models (LLMs), revolutionising applications across various fields. Smart contract vulnerability detection is no exception; as smart contracts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Peter Ince , Jiangshan Yu , Joseph K. Liu , Xiaoning Du

Smart contracts enable contract terms to be automatically executed and verified on the blockchain, and recent years have witnessed numerous applications of them in areas such as financial institutions and supply chains. The execution logic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Lantian Li , Yuyu Chen , Jingwen Wu , Yue Pan , Zhongxing Yu

As one of the representative blockchain platforms, Ethereum has attracted lots of attacks. Due to the existed financial loss, there is a pressing need to perform timely investigation and detect more attack instances. Though multiple systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Lei Wu , Siwei Wu , Yajin Zhou , Runhuai Li , Zhi Wang , Xiapu Luo , Cong Wang , Kui Ren

As blockchain technology continues to evolve, the security of smart contracts has increasingly drawn attention from both academia and industry. The Move language, with its unique resource model and linear type system, provides a solid…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuhe Luo , Zhongwen Li , Xiaoqi Li

Smart contracts are computer programs that can be consistently executed by a network of mutually distrusting nodes, without the arbitration of a trusted authority. Because of their resilience to tampering, smart contracts are appealing in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-21 Massimo Bartoletti , Livio Pompianu

Smart grid systems are critical to the power industry, however their sophisticated architectural design and operations expose them to a number of cybersecurity threats, such as data tampering, data eavesdropping, and Denial of Service,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-16 J. D. Ndibwile

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. The Selfdestruct function is the only way to destroy a contract on the blockchain system and transfer all the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Jiachi Chen

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, a major concern in Ethereum is the security of its smart contracts. Many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Zhipeng Gao , Vinoj Jayasundara , Lingxiao Jiang , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy

Blockchain and smart contract technology are novel approaches to data and code management that facilitate trusted computing by allowing for development in a distributed and decentralized manner. Testing smart contracts comes with its own…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Stefan Driessen , Dario Di Nucci , Geert Monsieur , Damian A. Tamburri , Willem-Jan van den Heuvel

While catastrophic attacks on Ethereum persist, vulnerability research remains fixated on implementation-level smart contract bugs, creating a gap between academic understanding of vulnerabilities and the root causes of high-impact,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Hadis Rezaei , Mojtaba Eshghie , Karl Anderesson , Francesco Palmieri

Smart contracts deployed on blockchain platforms are vulnerable to various security vulnerabilities. However, only a small number of Ethereum contracts have released their source code, so vulnerability detection at the bytecode level is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiuyang Bu , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li , Zeng Zhang , Xiaoqi Li

With the development of blockchain technology, smart contracts have become an important component of blockchain applications. Despite their crucial role, the development of smart contracts may introduce vulnerabilities and potentially lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chong Chen , Jianzhong Su , Jiachi Chen , Yanlin Wang , Tingting Bi , Jianxing Yu , Yanli Wang , Xingwei Lin , Ting Chen , Zibin Zheng

Smart Contracts (SCs) handle transactions in the Ethereum blockchain worth millions of United States dollars, making them a lucrative target for attackers seeking to exploit vulnerabilities and steal funds. The Ethereum community has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Chavhan Sujeet Yashavant , MitrajSinh Chavda , Saurabh Kumar , Amey Karkare , Angshuman Karmakar

Despite technological advances, most smart objects in the Internet of Things (IoT) cannot be accessed using technologies designed and developed for interacting with powerful Internet servers. IoT use cases involve devices that not only have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-24 Nikos Fotiou , Vasilios A. Siris , George C. Polyzos