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Propensity score trimming, which discards subjects with propensity scores below a threshold, is a common way to address positivity violations that complicate causal effect estimation. However, most works on trimming assume treatment is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-31 Zach Branson , Edward H. Kennedy , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Larry Wasserman

Most networks encountered in nature, society, and technology have weighted edges, representing the strength of the interaction/association between their vertices. Randomizing the structure of a network is a classic procedure used to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-10-29 Filipi N. Silva , Sadamori Kojaku , Alessandro Flammini , Filippo Radicchi , Santo Fortunato

The "design phase" refers to a stage in observational studies, during which a researcher constructs a subsample that achieves a better balance in covariate distributions between the treated and untreated units. In this paper, we study the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-03 Junho Choi

Mediation analyses are a statistical tool for testing the hypothesis about how the relationship between two variables may be direct or indirect via a third variable. Assessing statistical significance has been an area of active research;…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-07 Jason Steffener

While much of the causal inference literature has focused on addressing internal validity biases, both internal and external validity are necessary for unbiased estimates in a target population of interest. However, few generalizability…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-07 Irina Degtiar , Tim Layton , Jacob Wallace , Sherri Rose

The causal assumptions, the study design and the data are the elements required for scientific inference in empirical research. The research is adequately communicated only if all of these elements and their relations are described…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-05-01 Juha Karvanen

Effect size estimates are thought to capture the collective, two-way response to an intervention or exposure in a three-way problem among the intervention/exposure, various confounders and the outcome. For meaningful causal inference from…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-08 Orestis Loukas , Ho Ryun Chung

Linear mixed-effects models have increasingly replaced mixed-model analyses of variance for statistical inference in factorial psycholinguistic experiments. Although LMMs have many advantages over ANOVA, like ANOVAs, setting them up for…

Applications · Statistics 2017-02-14 Hannes Matuschek , Reinhold Kliegl , Shravan Vasishth , Harald Baayen , Douglas Bates

Nowadays, strict finite size effects must be taken into account in condensed matter problems when treated through models based on lattices or graphs. On the other hand, the cases of directed bonds or links are known as highly relevant, in…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-06-15 G. S. Dhesi , M. Ausloos

Randomized experiments are widely used to estimate the causal effects of a proposed treatment in many areas of science, from medicine and healthcare to the physical and biological sciences, from the social sciences to engineering, to public…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-30 Christina Lee Yu , Edoardo M Airoldi , Christian Borgs , Jennifer T Chayes

In this paper, we discuss causal inference on the efficacy of a treatment or medication on a time-to-event outcome with competing risks. Although the treatment group can be randomized, there can be confoundings between the compliance and…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-12-06 Cheng Zheng , Ran Dai , Parameswaran Hari , Mei-Jie Zhang

Mendelian randomization is an instrumental variable method that utilizes genetic information to investigate the causal effect of a modifiable exposure on an outcome. In most cases, the exposure changes over time. Understanding the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-11 Haodong Tian , Ashish Patel , Stephen Burgess

We consider large-scale studies in which it is of interest to test a very large number of hypotheses, and then to estimate the effect sizes corresponding to the rejected hypotheses. For instance, this setting arises in the analysis of gene…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-03-31 Kean Ming Tan , Noah Simon , Daniela Witten

This paper presents a randomization-based framework for estimating causal effects under interference between units, motivated by challenges that arise in analyzing experiments on social networks. The framework integrates three components:…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-21 Peter M. Aronow , Cyrus Samii

Estimation of causal effects using machine learning methods has become an active research field in econometrics. In this paper, we study the finite sample performance of meta-learners for estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects under…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-02-01 Gabriel Okasa

The regression discontinuity (RD) design offers identification of causal effects under weak assumptions, earning it a position as a standard method in modern political science research. But identification does not necessarily imply that…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-14 Drew Stommes , P. M. Aronow , Fredrik Sävje

Alcohol misuse is a key target of public health strategies aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk. The effect of excessive alcohol consumption on blood pressure may vary systematically with individuals' unobserved propensity to engage in…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-11 Ashish Patel , Francis J DiTraglia , Stephen Burgess

Semi-structured regression models enable the joint modeling of interpretable structured and complex unstructured feature effects. The structured model part is inspired by statistical models and can be used to infer the input-output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Daniel Dold , David Rügamer , Beate Sick , Oliver Dürr

Weighting procedures are used in observational causal inference to adjust for covariate imbalance within the sample. Common practice for inference is to estimate robust standard errors from a weighted regression of outcome on treatment.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-29 Erin Hartman , Chad Hazlett , Arisa Sadeghpour

Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) are widely used to assess the marginal and moderated effect of mobile health (mHealth) treatments delivered via mobile devices. In many applications, the mHealth treatments are categorical with multiple levels…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-23 Jeremy Lin , Tianchen Qian