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We review the physics of nuclear matter at high energy density and the experimental search for the Quark-Gluon Plasma at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The data obtained in the first three years of the RHIC physics program…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-10 Peter Jacobs , Xin-Nian Wang

Heavy-ion collisions are well described by a dynamical evolution with a long hydrodynamical phase. In this phase the properties of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma are reflected in the equation of state (EoS) and the transport…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-12-06 A. Dubla , S. Masciocchi , J. M. Pawlowski , B. Schenke , C. Shen , J. Stachel

Combining the hydrodynamic model (Hydro code) and the transport model (PACIAE model), we present the Hydro-PACIAE hybrid model. We use the Hydro-PACIAE hybrid model to calculate Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=130 GeV and Pb+Pb…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-06-03 Yu-Liang Yan , Yun Cheng , Dai-Mei Zhou , Bao-Guo Dong , Xu Cai , Ben-Hao Sa , Laszlo P. Csernai

The first results from heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider for charged particle spectra and elliptic flow are compared to an event-by-event hybrid approach with an ideal hydrodynamic expansion. This approach has been shown to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-29 Hannah Petersen

We present a phenomenological model for the initial conditions needed in a one-fluid hydrodynamical description of ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions at CERN--SPS. The basic ingredient is the parametrization of the baryon stopping, i.e.…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-02-23 Josef Sollfrank , Pasi Huovinen , P V Ruuskanen

Using a viscosity-based survival scale for geometrical perturbations formed in the early stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, we model the radial flow velocity during freeze-out. Subsequently, we employ the Cooper-Frye freeze-out…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-08-02 Amaresh Jaiswal , Volker Koch

Based on the initial state geometrical symmetry for collisions between two identical heavy ions at high energy, the general form for the one- and two-particle azimuthal distributions is deduced. Relation between these distributions and the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-02-14 G. L. Li , C. B. Yang , D. M. Zhou

We present a formulation of the initial state of heavy ion collisions that generalizes the 2+1D boost invariant IP-Glasma \cite{Schenke:2012wb} to 3+1D through JIMWLK rapidity evolution of the pre-collision Wilson lines. The rapidity…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-02-03 Scott McDonald , Sangyong Jeon , Charles Gale

Hydrodynamics merged with single-freeze-out statistical hadronization is used to describe the midrapidity hadron production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the highest RHIC energies and to make predictions for the LHC. Thermodynamic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Mikolaj Chojnacki , Wojciech Florkowski , Wojciech Broniowski , Adam Kisiel

We build up a model to reproduce the experimentally measured $R_{AA}$ of $J/\psi$ near midrapidty in Au+Au collision at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV. The model takes into account the $J/\psi$ suppression from the quark-gluon plasma and hadron…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2010-05-28 Taesoo Song , Woosung Park , Su Houng Lee

We present a fully three-dimensional model providing initial conditions for energy and net-baryon density distributions in heavy ion collisions at arbitrary collision energy. The model includes the dynamical deceleration of participating…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-02-21 Chun Shen , Björn Schenke

It is well understood that subnuclear fluctuations in the initial state of heavy-ion collisions have an important impact on the creation of long-range correlations in the transverse plane. This is also true for the creation of particle…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-23 Oscar Garcia-Montero , Sören Schlichting , Jie Zhu

This is a review of the theoretical background, experimental techniques, and phenomenology of what is called the "Glauber Model" in relativistic heavy ion physics. This model is used to calculate "geometric" quantities, which are typically…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2008-11-26 Michael L. Miller , Klaus Reygers , Stephen J. Sanders , Peter Steinberg

We discuss recent progress towards developing accurate initial state descriptions for heavy ion collisions focusing on weak coupling based approaches, that enable one to constrain the high-energy structure of nuclei from deep inelastic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-12-14 Heikki Mäntysaari

Hadron production at high-$p_T$ displays a strong suppression pattern in a wide rapidity region in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies. This finding indicates the presence of strong final state effects for both transversally and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-09-13 G. G. Barnaföldi , P. Lévai , G. Papp , G. Fai

We present a new model for the creation of \J mesons in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, which allows to follow the individual heavy quarks from their creation until the detector through the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), which is formed…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-02-27 Denys Yen Arrebato Villar , Jiaxing Zhao , Joerg Aichelin , Pol Bernard Gossiaux

We investigate how the initial geometry of a heavy-ion collision is transformed into final flow observables by solving event-by-event ideal hydrodynamics with realistic fluctuating initial conditions. We study quantitatively to what extent…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-03-06 Fernando G. Gardim , Frederique Grassi , Matthew Luzum , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

The grand-canonical version of the thermal model is used to analyze the ratios of particle abundances measured in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Exactly the same model is applied to study the heavy-ion reactions at BNL AGS, CERN…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Mariusz Michalec

We study the elliptic flow coefficient v_2(eta,b) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s)=200 A GeV as a function of pseudorapidity eta and impact parameter b. Using a hybrid approach which combines early ideal fluid dynamical evolution with late…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Tetsufumi Hirano , Ulrich W. Heinz , Dmitri Kharzeev , Roy Lacey , Yasushi Nara