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Mainstream compilers implement different countermeasures to prevent specific classes of speculative execution attacks. Unfortunately, these countermeasures either lack formal guarantees or come with proofs restricted to speculative…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Xaver Fabian , Marco Patrignani , Marco Guarnieri , Michael Backes

Stack-based memory corruption vulnerabilities have long been exploited by attackers to execute arbitrary code or perform unauthorized memory operations. Various defense mechanisms have been introduced to mitigate stack memory errors, but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Lei Chong

DRAM chips are vulnerable to read disturbance phenomena (e.g., RowHammer and RowPress), where repeatedly accessing or keeping open a DRAM row causes bitflips in nearby rows. Attackers leverage RowHammer bitflips in real systems to take over…

In recent years, non-control-data attacks have be come a research hotspot in the field of network security, driven by the increasing number of defense methods against control-flow hijacking attacks. These attacks exploit memory…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-28 Lei Chong

Transient execution attacks, also called speculative execution attacks, have drawn much interest as they exploit the transient execution of instructions, e.g., during branch prediction, to leak data. Transient execution is fundamental to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Wenjie Xiong , Jakub Szefer

We introduce the Context Compliance Attack (CCA), a novel, optimization-free method for bypassing AI safety mechanisms. Unlike current approaches -- which rely on complex prompt engineering and computationally intensive optimization -- CCA…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Mark Russinovich , Ahmed Salem

Memory disclosure attacks play an important role in the exploitation of memory corruption vulnerabilities. By analyzing recent research, we observe that bypasses of defensive solutions that enforce control-flow integrity or attempt to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Robert Gawlik , Philipp Koppe , Benjamin Kollenda , Andre Pawlowski , Behrad Garmany , Thorsten Holz

Whenever modern CPUs encounter a conditional branch for which the condition cannot be evaluated yet, they predict the likely branch target and speculatively execute code. Such pipelining is key to optimizing runtime performance and is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-15 Giorgi Maisuradze , Christian Rossow

Reasoning about correctness and security of software is increasingly difficult due to the complexity of modern microarchitectural features such as out-of-order execution. A class of security vulnerabilities termed Spectre that exploits side…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Robert J. Colvin , Kirsten Winter

In the inference attacks studied in Quantitative Information Flow (QIF), the attacker typically tries to interfere with the system in the attempt to increase its leakage of secret information. The defender, on the other hand, typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Mário S. Alvim , Konstantinos Chatzikokolakis , Yusuke Kawamoto , Catuscia Palamidessi

Too many defective compute chips are escaping existing manufacturing tests -- at least an order of magnitude more than industrial targets across all compute chip types in data centers. Silent data corruptions (SDCs) caused by test escapes,…

Control Flow Attestation (CFA) allows remote verification of run-time software integrity in embedded systems. However, CFA is limited by the storage/transmission costs of generated control flow logs (CFlog). Recent work has proposed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Liam Tyler , Adam Caulfield , Ivan De Oliveira Nunes

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) provide profitable surfaces for hardware attacks such as hardware Trojans. Hardware Trojans can implement stealthy attacks such as leaking critical information, taking control of devices or harm humans. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Sofia Maragkou , Axel Jantsch

CPU cache is a limited but crucial storage component in modern processors, whereas the cache timing side-channel may inadvertently leak information through the physically measurable timing variance. Speculative execution, an essential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Shengjian Guo , Yueqi Chen , Peng Li , Yueqiang Cheng , Huibo Wang , Meng Wu , Zhiqiang Zuo

To counter man-at-the-end attacks such as reverse engineering and tampering, software is often protected with techniques that require support modules to be linked into the application. It is well-known, however, that attackers can exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Jens Van den Broeck , Bart Coppens , Bjorn De Sutter

Trusted execution environments (TEEs) provide an environment for running workloads in the cloud without having to trust cloud service providers, by offering additional hardware-assisted security guarantees. However, main memory encryption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Jan Wichelmann , Anna Pätschke , Luca Wilke , Thomas Eisenbarth

Cache timing attacks allow third-party observers to retrieve sensitive information from program executions. But, is it possible to automatically check the vulnerability of a program against cache timing attacks and then, automatically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Sudipta Chattopadhyay , Abhik Roychoudhury

Control flow obfuscation deters software reverse engineering attempts by altering the program's control flow transfer. The alternation should not affect the software's run-time behaviour. In this paper, we propose a control flow obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Kenny Zhuo Ming Lu

Control-flow leakage (CFL) attacks enable an attacker to expose control-flow decisions of a victim program via side-channel observations. Linearization (i.e., elimination) of secret-dependent control flow is the main countermeasure against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Hans Winderix , Marton Bognar , Lesly-Ann Daniel , Frank Piessens

Transient execution attacks that exploit speculation have raised significant concerns in computer systems. Typically, branch predictors are leveraged to trigger mis-speculation in transient execution attacks. In this work, we demonstrate a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Md Hafizul Islam Chowdhuryy , Fan Yao
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