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RowHammer stands out as a prominent example, potentially the pioneering one, showcasing how a failure mechanism at the circuit level can give rise to a significant and pervasive security vulnerability within systems. Prior research has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Ranyang Zhou , Jacqueline T. Liu , Nakul Kochar , Sabbir Ahmed , Adnan Siraj Rakin , Shaahin Angizi

RowHammer is a circuit-level DRAM vulnerability where repeatedly accessing (i.e., hammering) a DRAM row can cause bit flips in physically nearby rows. The RowHammer vulnerability worsens as DRAM cell size and cell-to-cell spacing shrink.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Lois Orosa , Abdullah Giray Yağlıkçı , Haocong Luo , Ataberk Olgun , Jisung Park , Hasan Hassan , Minesh Patel , Jeremie S. Kim , Onur Mutlu

We provide an overview of recent developments and future directions in the RowHammer vulnerability that plagues modern DRAM (Dynamic Random Memory Access) chips, which are used in almost all computing systems as main memory. RowHammer is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Onur Mutlu , Ataberk Olgun , A. Giray Yağlıkçı

Rowhammer is a read disturbance vulnerability in modern DRAM that causes bit-flips, compromising security and reliability. While extensively studied on Intel and AMD CPUs with DDR and LPDDR memories, its impact on GPUs using GDDR memories,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chris S. Lin , Joyce Qu , Gururaj Saileshwar

In order to shed more light on how RowHammer affects modern and future devices at the circuit-level, we first present an experimental characterization of RowHammer on 1580 DRAM chips (408x DDR3, 652x DDR4, and 520x LPDDR4) from 300 DRAM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Jeremie S. Kim , Minesh Patel , A. Giray Yaglikci , Hasan Hassan , Roknoddin Azizi , Lois Orosa , Onur Mutlu

This retrospective paper describes the RowHammer problem in Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), which was initially introduced by Kim et al. at the ISCA 2014 conference~\cite{rowhammer-isca2014}. RowHammer is a prime (and perhaps the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Onur Mutlu , Jeremie S. Kim

Our ISCA 2014 paper provided the first scientific and detailed characterization, analysis, and real-system demonstration of what is now popularly known as the RowHammer phenomenon (or vulnerability) in modern commodity DRAM chips, which are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Onur Mutlu

Rowhammer poses a significant security challenge for modern computers, specifically affecting Dynamic Random Access Memory(DRAM). Given society's growing reliance on computer systems, ensuring the reliability of hardware is of utmost…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Amir Naseredini

RowHammer (RH) is a significant and worsening security, safety, and reliability issue of modern DRAM chips that can be exploited to break memory isolation. Therefore, it is important to understand real DRAM chips' RH characteristics.…

Modern architecture research relies on simulators to evaluate system security, yet analyzing emerging hardware vulnerabilities like RowHammer requires full-system visibility. As RowHammer vulnerabilities worsen with continuous technology…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kaustav Goswami , Ayaz Akram , Hari Venugopalan , Jason Lowe-Power

Inter-VM RowHammer is an attack that induces a bitflip beyond the boundaries of virtual machines (VMs) to compromise a VM from another, and some software-based techniques have been proposed to mitigate this attack. Evaluating these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hidemasa Kawasaki , Soramichi Akiyama

We will discuss the RowHammer problem in DRAM, which is a prime (and likely the first) example of how a circuit-level failure mechanism in Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) can cause a practical and widespread system security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-28 Onur Mutlu

In cloud computing environments, multiple tenants are often co-located on the same multi-processor system. Thus, preventing information leakage between tenants is crucial. While the hypervisor enforces software isolation, shared hardware,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Peter Pessl , Daniel Gruss , Clémentine Maurice , Michael Schwarz , Stefan Mangard

State-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) have been proven to be vulnerable to adversarial manipulation and backdoor attacks. Backdoored models deviate from expected behavior on inputs with predefined triggers while retaining performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 M. Caner Tol , Saad Islam , Andrew J. Adiletta , Berk Sunar , Ziming Zhang

As process technology scales down to smaller dimensions, DRAM chips become more vulnerable to disturbance, a phenomenon in which different DRAM cells interfere with each other's operation. For the first time in academic literature, our ISCA…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-03 Yoongu Kim , Ross Daly , Jeremie Kim , Chris Fallin , Ji Hye Lee , Donghyuk Lee , Chris Wilkerson , Konrad Lai , Onur Mutlu

DRAM is the primary technology used for main memory in modern systems. Unfortunately, as DRAM scales down to smaller technology nodes, it faces key challenges in both data integrity and latency, which strongly affect overall system…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Hasan Hassan

RowHammer attacks are a growing security and reliability concern for DRAMs and computer systems as they can induce many bit errors that overwhelm error detection and correction capabilities. System-level solutions are needed as process…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Steven C. Woo , Wendy Elsasser , Mike Hamburg , Eric Linstadt , Michael R. Miller , Taeksang Song , James Tringali

Rowhammer has drawn much attention from both academia and industry in the past years as rowhammer exploitation poses severe consequences to system security. Since the first comprehensive study of rowhammer in 2014, a number of rowhammer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Zhi Zhang , Decheng Chen , Jiahao Qi , Yueqiang Cheng , Shijie Jiang , Yiyang Lin , Yansong Gao , Surya Nepal , Yi Zou , Jiliang Zhang , Yang Xiang

Rowhammer is a critical vulnerability in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that continues to pose a significant threat to various systems. However, we find that conventional load-based attacks are becoming highly ineffective on the most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Weijie Chen , Shan Tang , Yulin Tang , Xiapu Luo , Yinqian Zhang , Weizhong Qiang

Aggressive memory density scaling causes modern DRAM devices to suffer from RowHammer, a phenomenon where rapidly activating a DRAM row can cause bit-flips in physically-nearby rows. Recent studies demonstrate that modern DRAM chips,…

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