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Understanding the mechanisms behind emergent behaviors in multi-agent systems is critical for advancing fields such as swarm robotics and artificial intelligence. In this study, we investigate how neural networks evolve to control agents'…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2024-10-28 Guilherme S. Y. Giardini , John F. Hardy , Carlo R. da Cunha

In this note we reveal new classes of solutions to hydrodynamic Euler alignment systems governing collective behavior of flocks. The solutions describe unidirectional parallel motion of agents, and are globally well-posed in…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-03-23 Daniel Lear , Roman Shvydkoy

In any ecosystem, the conditions of the environment and the characteristics of the species that inhabit it are entangled, co-evolving in space and time. We introduce a model that couples active agents with a dynamic environment, interpreted…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-10 G. Briozzo , G. J. Sibona , F. Peruani

We discuss a crowd-based theory for describing the collective behavior in Complex Systems comprising multi-agent populations competing for a limited resource. These systems -- whose binary versions we refer to as B-A-R (Binary Agent…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Neil F. Johnson , Sehyo C. Choe , Sean Gourley , Timothy Jarrett , Pak Ming Hui

Flocking behavior has attracted considerable attention in multi-agent systems. The structure of flocking has been predominantly studied through the application of artificial potential fields coupled with velocity consensus. These…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-21 Logan E. Beaver , Chris Kroninger , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

We address the problem of controlling the density of a large ensemble of follower agents by acting on a group of leader agents that interact with them. Using coupled partial integro-differential equations to describe leader and follower…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-08 Gian Carlo Maffettone , Alain Boldini , Maurizio Porfiri , Mario di Bernardo

Several recent works have found the emergence of grounded compositional language in the communication protocols developed by mostly cooperative multi-agent systems when learned end-to-end to maximize performance on a downstream task.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Paul Pu Liang , Jeffrey Chen , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Louis-Philippe Morency , Satwik Kottur

Animal swarms displaying a variety of typical flocking patterns would not exist without underlying safe, optimal and stable dynamics of the individuals. The emergence of these universal patterns can be efficiently reconstructed with…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-06-17 Csaba Virágh , Gábor Vásárhelyi , Norbert Tarcai , Tamás Szörényi , Gergő Somorjai , Tamás Nepusz , Tamás Vicsek

In many multi-agent systems of practical interest, such as traffic networks or crowd evacuation, control actions cannot be exerted on all agents. Instead, controllable leaders must indirectly steer uncontrolled followers through local…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-18 Davide Salzano , Gian Carlo Maffettone , Mario di Bernardo

We review existing approaches to mathematical modeling and analysis of multi-agent systems in which complex collective behavior arises out of local interactions between many simple agents. Though the behavior of an individual agent can be…

Robotics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Kristina Lerman , Aram Galstyan , Tad Hogg

Consider a flock of birds that fly interacting between them. The interactions are modelled through a hierarchical system in which each bird, at each time step, adjusts its own velocity according to his past velocity and a weighted mean of…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-12-24 Federico Dalmao , Ernesto Mordecki

This paper presents a position-based flocking model for interacting agents, balancing cohesion-separation and alignment to achieve stable collective motion. The model modifies a position-velocity-based approach by approximating velocity…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Hossein B. Jond

Coarse-grained descriptions of collective motion of flocking systems are often derived for the macroscopic or the thermodynamic limit. However, many real flocks are small sized (10 to 100 individuals), called the mesoscopic scales, where…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-09-25 Arshed Nabeel , Vivek Jadhav , Danny Raj M , Clément Sire , Guy Theraulaz , Ramón Escobedo , Srikanth K. Iyer , Vishwesha Guttal

Understanding systems level behaviour of many interacting agents is challenging in various ways, here we'll focus on the how the interaction between components can lead to hierarchical structures with different types of dynamics, or…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-12-26 Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen

Swarms of large numbers of agents appear in many biological and engineering fields. Dynamic bi-stability of co-existing spatio-temporal patterns has been observed in many models of large population swarms. However, many reduced models for…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2015-06-17 Luis Mier-y-Teran-Romero , Ira B. Schwartz

We investigate the effect of cooperative interactions in an ensemble of microorganisms, modelled as self-propelled disk-like and rod-like particles, in a three-dimensional turbulent flow to show flocking as an emergent phenomenon. Building…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-05-20 Anupam Gupta , Amal Roy , Arnab Saha , Samriddhi Sankar Ray

Emergent communication in artificial agents has been studied to understand language evolution, as well as to develop artificial systems that learn to communicate with humans. We show that agents performing a cooperative navigation task in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Ivana Kajić , Eser Aygün , Doina Precup

Flocking is ubiquitous in nature and emerges due to short- or long-range alignment interactions among self-propelled agents. Two unfriendly species that antialign or even interact nonreciprocally show more complex collective phenomena,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-17 Jiwon Choi , Jae Dong Noh , Heiko Rieger

The question how social norms can emerge from microscopic interactions between individuals is a key problem in social sciences to explain collective behavior. In this paper we propose an agent-based model to show that randomly distributed…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2008-09-07 Thomas Fent , Patrick Groeber , Frank Schweitzer

Collective decision-making arises from individual agents integrating their own personal observations with information obtained from social partners. In many biological systems that exhibit collective decision-making, the process by which…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-28 Ling-Wei Kong , Naomi Ehrich Leonard , Andrew M. Hein