Related papers: What Does the "Mean" Really Mean?
This paper contains an answer to the question of existence of regularities of the so called \textit{random in a broad sense} mass phenomena, asked by A. N. Kolmogorov in \cite{Kolmogorov}. It turns out that some family of finitely-additive…
The aim of this paper is to introduce several notions of homogenization in various classes of weighted means, which include quasiarithmetic and semideviation means. In general, the homogenization is an operator which attaches a homogeneous…
When comparing the citation impact of nations, departments or other groups of researchers within individual fields, three approaches have been proposed: arithmetic means, geometric means, and percentage in the top X%. This article compares…
For an ergodic map $T$ and a non-constant, real-valued $f \in L^1$, the ergodic averages $\mathbb{A}_N f(x) = \frac{1} {N} \sum_{n=1}^N f(T^n x)$ converge a.e., but the convergence is never monotone. Depending on particular properties of…
The arithmetic mean is the mean for addition and the geometric mean is that for multiplication. Then what kind of binary operation is associated with the arithmetic-geometric mean (AGM) due to C. F. Gauss? If it is possible to construct an…
We characterize the conditions under which a multi-time quantum process with a finite temporal resolution can be approximately described by an equilibrium one. By providing a generalization of the notion of equilibration on average, where a…
The stochastic processes underlying the growth and stability of biological and psychological systems reveal themselves when far from equilibrium. Far from equilibrium, nonergodicity reigns. Nonergodicity implies that the average outcome for…
The ubiquity of optical coherence arising from its importance in everything from astronomy to photovoltaics means that underlying assumptions such as stationarity and ergodicity can become implicit. When these assumptions become implicit,…
We introduce a class of monotone $\sigma$-complete effect algebras, called representable, which are $\sigma$-homomorphic images of a class of monotone $\sigma$-complete effect algebras of functions taking values in the interval $[0,1]$ and…
This paper presents and philosophically assesses three types of results on the observational equivalence of continuous-time measure-theoretic deterministic and indeterministic descriptions. The first results establish observational…
Entropies must correspond to mean values for them to be measurable. The Shannon entropy corresponds to the weighted arithmetic mean, whereas the Renyi entropy corresponds to the exponential mean. These means refer to code lengths, which are…
We answer a question posed by Vitaly Bergelson, showing that in a totally ergodic system, the average of a product of functions evaluated along polynomial times, with polynomials of pairwise differing degrees, converges in $L^{2}$ to the…
We define the indefinite logarithm [log x] of a real number x>0 to be a mathematical object representing the abstract concept of the logarithm of x with an indeterminate base (i.e., not specifically e, 10, 2, or any fixed number). The…
Observational entropy is interpreted as the uncertainty an observer making measurements associates with a system. So far, properties that make such an interpretation possible rely on the assumption of ideal projective measurements. We show…
We introduce the notions of in-betweenness and monotonicity with respect to a metric, for operator means. These notions can be seen as generalising their natural counterpart for scalar means, and as a relaxation of the notion of geodesity.…
Measuring the average information that is necessary to describe the behaviour of a dynamical system leads to a generalization of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy. This is particularly interesting when the system has null entropy and the…
Measurement is an important scientific activity. In most of science, including classical physics, is may be understood as a way of finding out about the physical world and representing the results numerically. No-go theorems show that…
Equation with the symmetric integral with respect to stochastic measure is considered. For the integrator, we assume only $\sigma$-additivity in probability and continuity of the paths. It is proved that the averaging principle holds for…
Consider a statistical model with an epistemic restriction such that, unlike in classical mechanics, the allowed distribution of positions is fundamentally restricted by the form of an underlying momentum field. Assume an agent (observer)…
In this paper, we compute the asymptotic average of the decimals of some real numbers. With the help of this computation, we prove that if a real number cannot be represented as a finite decimal and the asymptotic average of its decimals is…