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In this paper we analyze approximate methods for undertaking a principal components analysis (PCA) on large data sets. PCA is a classical dimension reduction method that involves the projection of the data onto the subspace spanned by the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-08-16 Darren Homrighausen , Daniel J. McDonald

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a highly useful topic within an introductory Linear Algebra course, especially since it can be used to incorporate a number of applied projects. This method represents an essential application and…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2016-04-19 Stephen Pankavich , Rebecca Swanson

Minor Component Adaptation (MiCA) is a novel parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for large language models that focuses on adapting underutilized subspaces of model representations. Unlike conventional methods such as Low-Rank Adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Sten Rüdiger , Sebastian Raschka

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely employed statistical tool used primarily for dimensionality reduction. However, it is known to be adversely affected by the presence of outlying observations in the sample, which is quite…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-26 Subhrajyoty Roy , Ayanendranath Basu , Abhik Ghosh

When modeling multivariate data, one might have an extra parameter of contextual information that could be used to treat some observations as more similar to others. For example, images of faces can vary by age, and one would expect the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-06 Ajay Gupta , Adrian Barbu

Sparse Principal Component Analysis (sPCA) is a popular matrix factorization approach based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that combines variance maximization and sparsity with the ultimate goal of improving data interpretation. When…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-19 J. Camacho , A. K. Smilde , E. Saccenti , J. A. Westerhuis

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a widely used technique for data classification. The method offers adequate performance in many classification problems, but it becomes inefficient when the data covariance matrix is ill-conditioned.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-08 Maaz Mahadi , Tarig Ballal , Muhammad Moinuddin , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri , Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf

Our aim is to evaluate fundamental parameters from the analysis of the electromagnetic spectra of stars. We may use $10^3$-$10^5$ spectra; each spectrum being a vector with $10^2$-$10^4$ coordinates. We thus face the so-called "curse of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-06-08 V. Watson , JF. Trouilhet , F. Paletou , S. Girard

Dimensionality-reduction methods are a fundamental tool in the analysis of large data sets. These algorithms work on the assumption that the "intrinsic dimension" of the data is generally much smaller than the ambient dimension in which it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Henry Kvinge , Elin Farnell , Michael Kirby , Chris Peterson

Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is one of the most widely used dimension reduction techniques. Robust PCA (RPCA) refers to the problem of PCA when the data may be corrupted by outliers. Recent work by Cand{\`e}s, Wright, Li, and Ma…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-08-14 Namrata Vaswani , Praneeth Narayanamurthy

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used unsupervised dimensionality reduction technique in machine learning, applied across various fields such as bioinformatics, computer vision and finance. However, when the response variables…

Applications · Statistics 2025-06-25 Theodosios Papazoglou , Guosheng Yin

Geometric deep learning organises neural architectures around the symmetries of their data domain, with the choice of symmetry group serving as a geometric prior that determines what representations can be learned. Metric-Aware Principal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Michael Leznik

When working with large biological data sets, exploratory analysis is an important first step for understanding the latent structure and for generating hypotheses to be tested in subsequent analyses. However, when the number of variables is…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-03 Julia Fukuyama

Big data is transforming our world, revolutionizing operations and analytics everywhere, from financial engineering to biomedical sciences. The complexity of big data often makes dimension reduction techniques necessary before conducting…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-08 Jianqing Fan , Qiang Sun , Wen-Xin Zhou , Ziwei Zhu

In this work we analyze principle component analysis (PCA) as a deterministic input-output system. We show that the relative information loss induced by reducing the dimensionality of the data after performing the PCA is the same as in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-01-17 Bernhard C. Geiger , Gernot Kubin

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique commonly used in multivariate data analysis. However, PCA can be difficult to interpret and explain since the principal components (PCs) are linear combinations of the original…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2013-12-24 W. Liu , H. Zhang , D. Tao , Y. Wang , K. Lu

Dimensionality reduction (DR) algorithms compress high-dimensional data into a lower dimensional representation while preserving important features of the data. DR is a critical step in many analysis pipelines as it enables visualisation,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-26 Aditya Ravuri , Francisco Vargas , Vidhi Lalchand , Neil D. Lawrence

We revisit the problem of fair representation learning by proposing Fair Partial Least Squares (PLS) components. PLS is widely used in statistics to efficiently reduce the dimension of the data by providing representation tailored for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Elena M. De-Diego , Adrián Perez-Suay , Paula Gordaliza , Jean-Michel Loubes

In this paper, we propose a novel approach named by Discriminative Principal Component Analysis which is abbreviated as Discriminative PCA in order to enhance separability of PCA by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The proposed method…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Hanli Qiao

The first order behavior of multivariate heavy-tailed random vectors above large radial thresholds is ruled by a limit measure in a regular variation framework. For a high dimensional vector, a reasonable assumption is that the support of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-27 Holger Drees , Anne Sabourin