Related papers: Electric charge quantization in 331 Models with ex…
The extended electroweak $\mathrm{SU(3)_c \otimes SU(3)_L \otimes U(1)_X}$ symmetry framework "explaining" the number of fermion families is revisited. While $331$-based schemes can not easily be unified within the conventional field theory…
Electric Charges operator (ECO) in phase space formulation, proposed by Zenczykowski, is expressed in terms of a swap operator, in some expressions for possible physical interpretations. An expression of an ECO in terms of a swap operator…
We consider a electron in a external field in D=5, through the Dirac equation in the Galilean symmetry approach, and in the Lorentz symmetry approach; from these we perform the nonrelativistic limit, then we procede the supersymmetry of the…
We consider a quenched SU(2)$\times$U(1) gauge Higgs theory on the lattice, coupled to a static vector-like fermion which, in this case, is in the same gauge group representation as the Higgs field. Physical (i.e. locally gauge invariant)…
We present a class of minimally extended standard models with the gauge group $SU(3)_C \times SU(N)_L \times U(1)_X$ where for all $N \geq 3$, anomaly cancelation requires three generations. At low energy, we recover the Standard Model…
We examine charge fractionalization by chiral separation in a one-dimensional fermion system described by Luttinger liquid theory. The focus is on the question of whether the fractional charges are quantum mechanically sharp, and in the…
An extension of the Standard Model to the local gauge group $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(4)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ as a three-family model is presented. The model does not contain exotic electric charges and we obtain a consistent mass spectrum by…
We interpret the diphoton anomaly as a heavy scalar $H_3$ in the so-called 331 model. The scalar is responsible for breaking the $SU(3)_C\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ gauge symmetry down to the standard model electroweak gauge group. It…
In the framework of general 3-3-1 models, we perform a global $\chi ^2$ fit at $95\%$ C.L. to the updated Z pole observables, including new data from atomic parity violation. We found scenarios where specific realizations of 3-3-1 models…
A complete set of postulates of the standard model of the electroweak interaction and mass generation is formulated and confirmed deriving the Lagrangian for the standard model. A massive fermion is formed by a right-handed and a…
A method for describing charged relativistic Fermi fields is proposed, in which particles of opposite charges are treated equally and states with negative energy are excluded. The concept of charge quantum number is introduced. Fields of…
We consider the extension of the Standard electroweak Model through an $SU(2)$ quadruplet of scalars with hypercharge either $3/2$ or $1/2$ (with an additional reflection symmetry in the latter case). We establish, through $\textit{exact…
The article focuses on the issue of the two definitions of charge, mainly the gauge charge and the effective charge of fundamental particles. Most textbooks on classical electromagnetism and quantum field theory only works with the gauge…
We discuss properties of QCD with variable and large $N_c$, taking into account electroweak interactions; i.e., we analyze the generalization of the standard model based on the gauge group $G={\rm SU}(N_c) \times {\rm SU(2)}_L \times {\rm…
Models based on the extended $SU(3)_{C}\times SU(3)_{L}\times U(1)_{X}$ (331) gauge group usually follow a common pattern: two families of left-handed quarks are placed in anti-triplet representations of the $SU(3)_{L}$ group; the remaining…
We construct anomaly-free $U(1)_1\times U(1)_2\times...\times U(1)_m$ gauge extensions of the Standard Model. To perform this construction we put together anomaly-free $U(1)$ extensions of one and two families of fermions. The availability…
We consider the possibility that the primordial curvature perturbation was generated through the curvaton mechanism from a scalar field with an electric charge, or precisely the Standard Model U(1) weak hypercharge. This links the dynamics…
We examine the Standard Model under the electroweak symmetry group $U_{EW}(2)$ subject to the Lie algebra condition $\mathfrak{u}_{EW}(2)\not\cong \mathfrak{su}_{I}(2)\oplus \mathfrak{u}_{Y}(1)$. Physically, the condition ensures that all…
The lattice model of scalar quantum electrodynamics (Maxwell field coupled to a complex scalar field) in the Hamiltonian framework is discussed. It is shown that the algebra of observables ${\cal O}({\Lambda})$ of this model is a…
Models with new vector-like quarks can produce observable quark mixing effects which are forbidden in the Standard Model. We classify all such models and write down the effective Lagrangian that results from integrating out the new quarks.…