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Multi-label image classification aims to predict all possible labels in an image. It is usually formulated as a partial-label learning problem, since it could be expensive in practice to annotate all the labels in every training image.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Rabab Abdelfattah , Xin Zhang , Mostafa M. Fouda , Xiaofeng Wang , Song Wang

Sequence labeling is a fundamental framework for various natural language processing problems. Its performance is largely influenced by the annotation quality and quantity in supervised learning scenarios, and obtaining ground truth labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Ouyu Lan , Xiao Huang , Bill Yuchen Lin , He Jiang , Liyuan Liu , Xiang Ren

Emotion recognition algorithms rely on data annotated with high quality labels. However, emotion expression and perception are inherently subjective. There is generally not a single annotation that can be unambiguously declared "correct".…

Data collection from manual labeling provides domain-specific and task-aligned supervision for data-driven approaches, and a critical mass of well-annotated resources is required to achieve reasonable performance in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhengyuan Liu , Hai Leong Chieu , Nancy F. Chen

Most crowdsourcing learning methods treat disagreement between annotators as noisy labelings while inter-disagreement among experts is often a good indicator for the ambiguity and uncertainty that is inherent in natural language. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Xiaolei Lu

In an effort to assist factcheckers in the process of factchecking, we tackle the claim detection task, one of the necessary stages prior to determining the veracity of a claim. It consists of identifying the set of sentences, out of a long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Lev Konstantinovskiy , Oliver Price , Mevan Babakar , Arkaitz Zubiaga

Technology acceptance models effectively predict how users will adopt new technology products. Traditional surveys, often expensive and cumbersome, are commonly used for this assessment. As an alternative to surveys, we explore the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Pawel Robert Smolinski , Joseph Januszewicz , Jacek Winiarski

Process Reward Models (PRMs) provide step-level supervision to large language models (LLMs), but scaling up training data annotation remains challenging for both humans and LLMs. To address this limitation, we propose an active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Keyu Duan , Zichen Liu , Xin Mao , Tianyu Pang , Changyu Chen , Qiguang Chen , Michael Qizhe Shieh , Longxu Dou

The growing need to analyze large collections of documents has led to great developments in topic modeling. Since documents are frequently associated with other related variables, such as labels or ratings, much interest has been placed on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-20 Filipe Rodrigues , Mariana Lourenço , Bernardete Ribeiro , Francisco Pereira

Humans can be notoriously imperfect evaluators. They are often biased, unreliable, and unfit to define "ground truth." Yet, given the surging need to produce large amounts of training data in educational applications using AI, traditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Danielle R. Thomas , Conrad Borchers , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Learning from multiple annotators aims to induce a high-quality classifier from training instances, where each of them is associated with a set of possibly noisy labels provided by multiple annotators under the influence of their varying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Jingzheng Li , Hailong Sun , Jiyi Li , Zhijun Chen , Renshuai Tao , Yufei Ge

Although agreement between annotators has been studied in the past from a statistical viewpoint, little work has attempted to quantify the extent to which this phenomenon affects the evaluation of computer vision (CV) object detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Thomas A. Lampert , André Stumpf , Pierre Gançarski

Prediction using the ground truth sounds like an oxymoron in machine learning. However, such an unrealistic setting was used in hundreds, if not thousands of papers in the area of finding graph representations. To evaluate the multi-label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Li-Chung Lin , Cheng-Hung Liu , Chih-Ming Chen , Kai-Chin Hsu , I-Feng Wu , Ming-Feng Tsai , Chih-Jen Lin

Instead of using a single ground truth for language processing tasks, several recent studies have examined how to represent and predict the labels of the set of annotators. However, often little or no information about annotators is known,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Joan Plepi , Béla Neuendorf , Lucie Flek , Charles Welch

Many annotation tasks in natural language processing are highly subjective in that there can be different valid and justified perspectives on what is a proper label for a given example. This also applies to the judgment of argument quality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Philipp Heinisch , Matthias Orlikowski , Julia Romberg , Philipp Cimiano

Data lies at the core of modern deep learning. The impressive performance of supervised learning is built upon a base of massive accurately labeled data. However, in some real-world applications, accurate labeling might not be viable;…

Human ratings have become a crucial resource for training and evaluating machine learning systems. However, traditional elicitation methods for absolute and comparative rating suffer from issues with consistency and often do not distinguish…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Quanze Chen , Daniel S. Weld , Amy X. Zhang

Clinical dataset labels are rarely certain as annotators disagree and confidence is not uniform across cases. Typical aggregation procedures, such as majority voting, obscure this variability. In simple experiments on medical imaging…

Human annotations play a crucial role in machine learning (ML) research and development. However, the ethical considerations around the processes and decisions that go into building ML datasets has not received nearly enough attention. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Remi Denton , Mark Díaz , Ian Kivlichan , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Rachel Rosen

Aggregating multiple annotations into a single ground truth label may hide valuable insights into annotator disagreement, particularly in tasks where subjectivity plays a crucial role. In this work, we explore methods for identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Amir Homayounirad , Enrico Liscio , Tong Wang , Catholijn M. Jonker , Luciano C. Siebert