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We consider the unconstrained optimization problem whose objective function is composed of a smooth and a non-smooth conponents where the smooth component is the expectation a random function. This type of problem arises in some interesting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2011-07-01 Qihang Lin , Xi Chen , Javier Pena

Modern adaptive optimization methods, such as Adam and its variants, have emerged as the most widely used tools in deep learning over recent years. These algorithms offer automatic mechanisms for dynamically adjusting the update step based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Son Nguyen , Bo Liu , Lizhang Chen , Qiang Liu

In this paper, we study the convergence of the Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) algorithm under unconstrained non-convex smooth stochastic optimizations. Despite the widespread usage in machine learning areas, its theoretical properties…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-06 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are trained using stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-based optimizers. Recently, the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer has become very popular due to its adaptive momentum, which tackles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 S. K. Roy , M. E. Paoletti , J. M. Haut , S. R. Dubey , P. Kar , A. Plaza , B. B. Chaudhuri

An algorithm is said to be adaptive to a certain parameter (of the problem) if it does not need a priori knowledge of such a parameter but performs competitively to those that know it. This dissertation presents our work on adaptive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Zhenxun Zhuang

It is known that the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method, as well as accelerated and adaptive SGD optimization methods such as the Adam optimizer fail to converge if the learning rates do not converge to zero (as,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Neural network optimization remains one of the most consequential yet poorly understood challenges in modern AI research, where improvements in training algorithms can lead to enhanced feature learning in foundation models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Ansh Nagwekar

Adaptive gradient methods, which adopt historical gradient information to automatically adjust the learning rate, despite the nice property of fast convergence, have been observed to generalize worse than stochastic gradient descent (SGD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Jinghui Chen , Dongruo Zhou , Yiqi Tang , Ziyan Yang , Yuan Cao , Quanquan Gu

Adding noises to artificial neural network(ANN) has been shown to be able to improve robustness in previous work. In this work, we propose a new technique to compute the pathwise stochastic gradient estimate with respect to the standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Li Xiao , Zeliang Zhang , Yijie Peng

Beside the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method, the Adam optimizer due to Kingma & Ba (2014) is currently probably the best-known optimization method for the training of deep neural networks in artificial intelligence (AI)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen , Philippe von Wurstemberger

Generative Adversarial Networks are notoriously challenging to train. The underlying minmax optimization is highly susceptible to the variance of the stochastic gradient and the rotational component of the associated game vector field. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-24 Tatjana Chavdarova , Matteo Pagliardini , Sebastian U. Stich , Francois Fleuret , Martin Jaggi

We introduce AdamS, a simple yet effective alternative to Adam for large language model (LLM) pretraining and post-training. By leveraging a novel denominator, i.e., the root of weighted sum of squares of the momentum and the current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Huishuai Zhang , Bohan Wang , Luoxin Chen

Optimization theory has been widely studied in academia and finds a large variety of applications in industry. The different optimization models in their discrete and/or continuous settings have catered to a rich source of research…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Debbie Lim , Joao F. Doriguello , Patrick Rebentrost

Modern deep learning systems do not generalize well when the test data distribution is slightly different to the training data distribution. While much promising work has been accomplished to address this fragility, a systematic study of…

The Adam algorithm has become extremely popular for large-scale machine learning. Under convexity condition, it has been proved to enjoy a data-dependant $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret bound where $T$ is the time horizon. However, whether strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-09 Guanghui Wang , Shiyin Lu , Weiwei Tu , Lijun Zhang

This paper introduces AdaSwarm, a novel gradient-free optimizer which has similar or even better performance than the Adam optimizer adopted in neural networks. In order to support our proposed AdaSwarm, a novel Exponentially weighted…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Rohan Mohapatra , Snehanshu Saha , Carlos A. Coello Coello , Anwesh Bhattacharya , Soma S. Dhavala , Sriparna Saha

State-of-the art vision models can achieve superhuman performance on image classification tasks when testing and training data come from the same distribution. However, when models are tested on corrupted images (e.g. due to scale changes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Luke Metz , Niru Maheswaranathan , Jonathon Shlens , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Ekin D. Cubuk

We study optimization algorithms for the finite sum problems frequently arising in machine learning applications. First, we propose novel variants of stochastic gradient descent with a variance reduction property that enables linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Jakub Konečný

Regularization is essential for avoiding over-fitting to training data in network optimization, leading to better generalization of the trained networks. The label noise provides a strong implicit regularization by replacing the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Kensuke Nakamura , Bong-Soo Sohn , Kyoung-Jae Won , Byung-Woo Hong

Stochastic compositional optimization generalizes classic (non-compositional) stochastic optimization to the minimization of compositions of functions. Each composition may introduce an additional expectation. The series of expectations may…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-29 Tianyi Chen , Yuejiao Sun , Wotao Yin