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Rule-based classification models described in the language of logic directly predict boolean values, rather than modeling a probability and translating it into a prediction as done in statistical models. The vast majority of existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Yusik Kim

Algorithmic audits are essential tools for examining systems for properties required by regulators or desired by operators. Current audits of large language models (LLMs) primarily rely on black-box evaluations that assess model behavior…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hannah Cyberey , Yangfeng Ji , David Evans

In machine learning (ML) verification, the majority of procedures are non-quantitative and therefore cannot be used for verifying probabilistic models, or be applied in domains where hard guarantees are practically unachievable. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Paolo Morettin , Andrea Passerini , Roberto Sebastiani

We consider learning to optimize a classification metric defined by a black-box function of the confusion matrix. Such black-box learning settings are ubiquitous, for example, when the learner only has query access to the metric of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Gaurush Hiranandani , Jatin Mathur , Harikrishna Narasimhan , Mahdi Milani Fard , Oluwasanmi Koyejo

The forecasting of credit default risk has been an active research field for several decades. Historically, logistic regression has been used as a major tool due to its compliance with regulatory requirements: transparency, explainability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Dangxing Chen , Weicheng Ye

In science and medicine, model interpretations may be reported as discoveries of natural phenomena or used to guide patient treatments. In such high-stakes tasks, false discoveries may lead investigators astray. These applications would…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-18 Collin Burns , Jesse Thomason , Wesley Tansey

ML models have errors when used for predictions. The errors are unknown but can be quantified by model uncertainty. When multiple ML models are trained using the same training points, their model uncertainties may be statistically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-23 Xiaoping Du

In recent years, explainable machine learning methods have been very successful. Despite their success, most explainable machine learning methods are applied to black-box models without any domain knowledge. By incorporating domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Dangxing Chen

The efficacy of machine learning models is typically determined by computing their accuracy on test data sets. However, this may often be misleading, since the test data may not be representative of the problem that is being studied. With…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Muhammad Usman , Divya Gopinath , Corina S. Păsăreanu

Context: Machine learning (ML) may enable effective automated test generation. Objective: We characterize emerging research, examining testing practices, researcher goals, ML techniques applied, evaluation, and challenges. Methods: We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Afonso Fontes , Gregory Gay

Large language models for code generation increasingly rely on synthetic data, where both problem solutions and verification tests are generated by models. While this enables scalable data creation, it introduces a previously unexplored…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Srishti Gureja , Elena Tommasone , Jingyi He , Sara Hooker , Matthias Gallé , Marzieh Fadaee

Robustness studies of black-box models is recognized as a necessary task for numerical models based on structural equations and predictive models learned from data. These studies must assess the model's robustness to possible…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-26 Marouane Il Idrissi , Nicolas Bousquet , Fabrice Gamboa , Bertrand Iooss , Jean-Michel Loubes

Extensive research on formal verification of machine learning (ML) systems indicates that learning from data alone often fails to capture underlying background knowledge. A variety of verifiers have been developed to ensure that a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Thomas Flinkow , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Rosemary Monahan

The choice of model class is fundamental in statistical learning and system identification, no matter whether the class is derived from physical principles or is a generic black-box. We develop a method to evaluate the specified model class…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-20 Andreas Svensson , Dave Zachariah , Thomas B. Schön

In recent years, we observe an increasing amount of software with machine learning components being deployed. This poses the question of quality assurance for such components: how can we validate whether specified requirements are fulfilled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Arnab Sharma , Caglar Demir , Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo , Heike Wehrheim

In this paper the accuracy and robustness of quality measures for the assessment of machine learning models are investigated. The prediction quality of a machine learning model is evaluated model-independent based on a cross-validation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-07 Thomas Most , Lars Gräning , Sebastian Wolff

Cardinality estimation is a key component of database query optimization. Recent studies have demonstrated that learned cardinality estimation techniques can surpass traditional methods in accuracy. However, a significant barrier to their…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Lyu Yi , Weiqi Feng , Yuanbiao Wang , Yuhong Kan

We propose a novel methodology for validating software product line (PL) models by integrating Statistical Model Checking (SMC) with Process Mining (PM). Our approach focuses on the feature-oriented language QFLan in the PL engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Roberto Casaluce , Andrea Burattin , Francesca Chiaromonte , Alberto Lluch Lafuente , Andrea Vandin

In many applications, machine-learned (ML) models are required to hold some invariance qualities, such as rotation, size, and intensity invariance. Among these, testing for background invariance presents a significant challenge due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Zukang Liao , Min Chen

We introduce Harmonic Robustness, a powerful and intuitive method to test the robustness of any machine-learning model either during training or in black-box real-time inference monitoring without ground-truth labels. It is based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Nicholas S. Kersting , Yi Li , Aman Mohanty , Oyindamola Obisesan , Raphael Okochu