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Kleene Algebra (KA) is a useful tool for proving that two programs are equivalent. Because KA's equational theory is decidable, it integrates well with interactive theorem provers. This raises the question: which equations can we (not)…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tobias Kappé

Kleene algebras (KA) and Kleene algebras with tests (KAT) provide an algebraic framework to capture the behavior of conventional programming constructs. This paper explores a broader understanding of these structures, in order to enable the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Juliana Cunha , Alexandre Madeira , Luís S. Barbosa

Guarded Kleene Algebra with Tests (GKAT) is a variation on Kleene Algebra with Tests (KAT) that arises by restricting the union ($+$) and iteration ($*$) operations from KAT to predicate-guarded versions. We develop the (co)algebraic theory…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Steffen Smolka , Nate Foster , Justin Hsu , Tobias Kappé , Dexter Kozen , Alexandra Silva

Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) is a foundational equational framework for reasoning about programs, which has found applications in program transformations, networking and compiler optimizations, among many other areas. In his seminal…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Cheng Zhang , Arthur Azevedo de Amorim , Marco Gaboardi

Guarded Kleene Algebra with Tests (GKAT for short) is an efficient fragment of Kleene Algebra with Tests, suitable for reasoning about simple imperative while-programs. Following earlier work by Das and Pous on Kleene Algebra, we study GKAT…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Jan Rooduijn , Dexter Kozen , Alexandra Silva

We investigate the algebraic reasoning of quantum programs inspired by the success of classical program analysis based on Kleene algebra. One prominent example of such is the famous Kleene Algebra with Tests (KAT), which has furnished both…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Yuxiang Peng , Mingsheng Ying , Xiaodi Wu

We provide an extension of concurrent Kleene algebras to account for probabilistic properties. The algebra yields a unified framework containing nondeterminism, concurrency and probability and is sound with respect to the set of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-06-13 Annabelle McIver , Tahiry Rabehaja , Georg Struth

Continual Learning (CL) empowers AI models to continuously learn from sequential task streams. Recently, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)-based CL methods have garnered increasing attention due to their superior performance. They…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Lingfeng He , De Cheng , Zhiheng Ma , Huaijie Wang , Dingwen Zhang , Nannan Wang , Xinbo Gao

Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) was introduced as an algebraic structure to model and reason about classic imperative programs, i.e. sequences of discrete transitions guarded by Boolean tests. This paper introduces two generalisations of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Leandro Gomes , Alexandre Madeira , Luís Soares Barbosa

We study versions of Kleene algebra with dynamic tests, that is, extensions of Kleene algebra with domain and antidomain operators. We show that Kleene algebras with tests and Propositional dynamic logic correspond to special cases of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Igor Sedlár

The concurrent refinement algebra has been developed to support rely/guarantee reasoning about concurrent programs. The algebra supports atomic commands and defines parallel composition as a synchronous operation, as in Milner's SCCS. In…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Ian J. Hayes , Larissa A. Meinicke , Naso Evangelou-Oost

Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) is an equational system for program verification, which is the combination of Boolean algebra (BA) and Kleene algebra (KA), the algebra of regular expressions. In particular, KAT subsumes the propositional…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-10-10 Ricardo Almeida , Sabine Broda , Nelma Moreira

We prove two completeness results for Kleene algebra with tests and a top element, with respect to guarded string languages and binary relations. While the equational theories of those two classes of models coincide over the signature of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-09 Damien Pous , Jana Wagemaker

We first propose algorithms for checking language equivalence of finite automata over a large alphabet. We use symbolic automata, where the transition function is compactly represented using a (multi-terminal) binary decision diagrams…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-14 Damien Pous

We aim at a holistic perspective on program logics, including Hoare and incorrectness logics. To this end, we study different classes of properties arising from the generalization of the aforementioned logics. We compare our results with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Lena Verscht , Benjamin Kaminski

We study Kleene iteration in the categorical context. A celebrated completeness result by Kozen introduced Kleene algebra (with tests) as a ubiquitous tool for lightweight reasoning about program equivalence, and yet, numerous variants of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Sergey Goncharov , Tarmo Uustalu

Guarded Kleene Algebra with Tests (GKAT) is an efficient fragment of KAT, as it allows for almost linear decidability of equivalence. In this paper, we study the (co)algebraic properties of GKAT. Our initial focus is on the fragment that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Todd Schmid , Tobias Kappé , Dexter Kozen , Alexandra Silva

Guarded Kleene Algebra with Tests (GKAT) is a fragment of Kleene Algebra with Tests (KAT) that was recently introduced to reason efficiently about imperative programs. In contrast to KAT, GKAT does not have an algebraic axiomatization, but…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Tobias Kappé , Todd Schmid , Alexandra Silva

We extend the formalisation of confluence results in Kleene algebras to a formalisation of coherent confluence proofs. For this, we introduce the structure of higher globular Kleene algebra, a higher-dimensional generalisation of modal and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Cameron Calk , Eric Goubault , Philippe Malbos , Georg Struth

Automata operating on pairs of words were introduced as an alternative way of capturing acceptance of regular $\omega$-languages. Families of DFAs and lasso automata operating on such pairs followed, giving rise to minimisation algorithms,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Mike Cruchten