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In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to acquire new behaviors from the input sequence alone without any parameter updates. Recent studies have shown that ICL can surpass the original meaning learned in pretraining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yongyi Yang , Hidenori Tanaka , Wei Hu

Despite being highly over-parametrized, and having the ability to fully interpolate the training data, deep networks are known to generalize well to unseen data. It is now understood that part of the reason for this is that the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Danil Akhtiamov , Babak Hassibi

In deep learning, a central issue is to understand how neural networks efficiently learn high-dimensional features. To this end, we explore the gradient descent learning of a general Gaussian Multi-index model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-06 Bohan Zhang , Zihao Wang , Hengyu Fu , Jason D. Lee

We provide a unified framework that applies to a general family of convex losses across binary and multiclass settings in the overparameterized regime to approximately characterize the implicit bias of gradient descent in closed form.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-11 Kuo-Wei Lai , Vidya Muthukumar

Recent studies observed a surprising concept on model test error called the double descent phenomenon, where the increasing model complexity decreases the test error first and then the error increases and decreases again. To observe this,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-14 Chathurika S Abeykoon , Aleksandr Beknazaryan , Hailin Sang

Doubly stochastic learning algorithms are scalable kernel methods that perform very well in practice. However, their generalization properties are not well understood and their analysis is challenging since the corresponding learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-12 Junhong Lin , Lorenzo Rosasco

A widely believed explanation for the remarkable generalization capacities of overparameterized neural networks is that the optimization algorithms used for training induce an implicit bias towards benign solutions. To grasp this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Maria Matveev , Vit Fojtik , Hung-Hsu Chou , Gitta Kutyniok , Johannes Maly

We consider some supervised binary classification tasks and a regression task, whereas SVM and Deep Learning, at present, exhibit the best generalization performances. We extend the work [3] on a generalized quadratic loss for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Filippo Portera

A continuing mystery in understanding the empirical success of deep neural networks is their ability to achieve zero training error and generalize well, even when the training data is noisy and there are more parameters than data points. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Vidya Muthukumar , Kailas Vodrahalli , Vignesh Subramanian , Anant Sahai

Ordinal regression is a classification task where classes have an order and prediction error increases the further the predicted class is from the true class. The standard approach for modeling ordinal data involves fitting parallel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Fred Lu , Francis Ferraro , Edward Raff

Transformer models have consistently achieved remarkable results in various domains such as natural language processing and computer vision. However, despite ongoing research efforts to better understand these models, the field still lacks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Ilya Kaufman , Omri Azencot

Deep neural networks achieve stellar generalisation even when they have enough parameters to easily fit all their training data. We study this phenomenon by analysing the dynamics and the performance of over-parameterised two-layer neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-28 Sebastian Goldt , Madhu S. Advani , Andrew M. Saxe , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborová

We here study whether training biases can make hidden neurons specialize in minimal one-hidden-layer MLPs, and whether such specialization improves prototype-based reconstruction of the training dataset from the learned weights. We consider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Enrique Alba , Ezequiel Lopez-Rubio

In many real-world applications of regression, conditional probability estimation, and uncertainty quantification, exploiting symmetries rooted in physics or geometry can dramatically improve generalization and sample efficiency. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Daniel Ordoñez-Apraez , Vladimir Kostić , Alek Fröhlich , Vivien Brandt , Karim Lounici , Massimiliano Pontil

Deep Learning (DL) methods have dramatically increased in popularity in recent years, with significant growth in their application to supervised learning problems in the biomedical sciences. However, the greater prevalence and complexity of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-30 David K Lim , Naim U Rashid , Junier B Oliva , Joseph G Ibrahim

Recent research in neural networks and machine learning suggests that using many more parameters than strictly required by the initial complexity of a regression problem can result in more accurate or faster-converging models -- contrary to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Arthur Castello B. de Oliveira , Milad Siami , Eduardo D. Sontag

Deep neural networks are often seen as different from other model classes by defying conventional notions of generalization. Popular examples of anomalous generalization behaviour include benign overfitting, double descent, and the success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Andrew Gordon Wilson

Recent years have been marked with the fast-pace diversification and increasing ubiquity of machine learning applications. Yet, a firm theoretical understanding of the surprising efficiency of neural networks to learn from high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-16 Hugo Cui

We perform an experimental study of the dynamics of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) in learning deep neural networks for several real and synthetic classification tasks. We show that in the initial epochs, almost all of the performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Preetum Nakkiran , Gal Kaplun , Dimitris Kalimeris , Tristan Yang , Benjamin L. Edelman , Fred Zhang , Boaz Barak

Understanding the advantages of deep neural networks trained by gradient descent (GD) compared to shallow models remains an open theoretical challenge. In this paper, we introduce a class of target functions (single and multi-index Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-17 Yatin Dandi , Luca Pesce , Lenka Zdeborová , Florent Krzakala