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Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) are a general framework for sequential decision-making under latent state uncertainty, yet learning in POMDPs is intractable in the worst case. Motivated by sensing and probing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ming Shi , Yingbin Liang , Ness B. Shroff

Modern cyber attacks unfold through multiple stages, requiring defenders to dynamically prioritize mitigations under uncertainty. While game-theoretic models capture attacker-defender interactions, existing approaches often rely on static…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yuning Jiang , Nay Oo , Qiaoran Meng , Lu Lin , Dusit Niyato , Zehui Xiong , Hoon Wei Lim , Biplab Sikdar

Unlike other domains of conflict, and unlike other fields with high anticipated risk from AI, the cyber domain is intrinsically digital with a tight feedback loop between AI training and cyber application. Cyber may have some of the largest…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Andrew J. Lohn

As humans come to rely on autonomous systems more, ensuring the transparency of such systems is important to their continued adoption. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to reduce confusion and foster trust in systems by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Benjamin Kraske , Zakariya Laouar , Zachary Sunberg

To ensure the usefulness of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in real systems, it is crucial to ensure they are robust to noise and adversarial attacks. In adversarial RL, an external attacker has the power to manipulate the victim agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Jeremy McMahan , Young Wu , Xiaojin Zhu , Qiaomin Xie

A Tree Markov Decision Problem (T-MDP) is a finite-horizon MDP with a starting state $s_{1}$, in which every state is reachable from $s_{1}$ through exactly one state-action trajectory. T-MDPs arise naturally as abstractions of decision…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Anvay Shah , Ramsundar Anandanarayanan , Sharayu Moharir , Shivaram Kalyanakrishnan

We develop a queueing-theoretic framework to model the temporal evolution of cyber-attack surfaces, where the number of active vulnerabilities is represented as the backlog of a queue. Vulnerabilities arrive as they are discovered or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jihyeon Yun , Abdullah Yasin Etcibasi , Ming Shi , C. Emre Koksal

A model of strategy formulation is used to study how an adaptive attacker learns to overcome a moving target cyber defense. The attacker-defender interaction is modeled as a game in which a defender deploys a temporal platform migration…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-08-19 M. L. Winterrose , K. M. Carter , N. Wagner , W. W. Streilein

Planning algorithms are used in computational systems to direct autonomous behavior. In a canonical application, for example, planning for autonomous vehicles is used to automate the static or continuous planning towards performance,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Valentin Vie , Ryan Sheatsley , Sophia Beyda , Sushrut Shringarputale , Kevin Chan , Trent Jaeger , Patrick McDaniel

The use of artificial intelligence models has recently grown common; we may use them to write lines of code for us, summarize readings, draft emails, or even illustrate images. But when it comes to important decisions we need to make, such…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Ali Saffarini

Most reinforcement learning algorithms are based on a key assumption that Markov decision processes (MDPs) are stationary. However, non-stationary MDPs with dynamic action space are omnipresent in real-world scenarios. Yet problems of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Jiaqi Ye , Xiaodong Li , Pangjing Wu , Feng Wang

This paper sets the context for the urgency for cyber autonomy, and the current gaps of the cyber security industry. A novel framework proposing four phases of maturity for full cyber autonomy will be discussed. The paper also reviews new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Ryan K L Ko

Designing rewards for autonomous cyber attack and defense learning agents in a complex, dynamic environment is a challenging task for subject matter experts. We propose a large language model (LLM)-based reward design approach to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Sayak Mukherjee , Samrat Chatterjee , Emilie Purvine , Ted Fujimoto , Tegan Emerson

AI-enabled Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) systems increasingly employ autonomous agents for cyber defense, yet their resilience to adaptive adversaries is underexplored. We introduce an autonomous red teaming…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ayan Javeed Shaikh , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Ankit Shah

This paper investigates backdoor attack planning in stochastic control systems modeled as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). A backdoor attack involves an adversary deploying a policy that performs well in the original MDP to pass testing,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-27 Xinyi Wei , Shuo Han , Ahmed H. Hemida , Charles A. Kamhoua , Jie Fu

The growing integration of AI into cybersecurity is reshaping the balance between attackers and defenders. When access to advanced AI-enabled defence tools is uneven, resource-limited defenders may be unable to adopt effective protection,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Adeela Bashir , Zia Ush Shamszaman , Zhao Song , Matjaz Perc , The Anh Han

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly adopted as tool-using agents that can plan, observe their environment, and take actions over extended time periods. This evolution challenges current evaluation practices where the AI…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Simone Aonzo , Merve Sahin , Aurélien Francillon , Daniele Perito

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly adopted across sectors, the need for robust, proactive security strategies is paramount. Traditional defensive measures often fall short against the unique and evolving threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Josh Harguess , Chris M. Ward

Prior studies have found that explaining robot decisions and actions helps to increase system transparency, improve user understanding, and enable effective human-robot collaboration. In this paper, we present a system for generating…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Kayla Boggess , Shenghui Chen , Lu Feng

This paper presents a decentralized, online planning approach for scalable maneuver planning for large constellations. While decentralized, rule-based strategies have facilitated efficient scaling, optimal decision-making algorithms for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-07 William Kuhl , Jun Wang , Duncan Eddy , Mykel Kochenderfer