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The history of astronomical discovery shows that many of the most detectable phenomena, especially detection firsts, are not typical members of their broader class, but rather rare, extreme cases with disproportionately large observational…

Popular Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 David Kipping

We apply the principles of quantum mechanics and quantum cosmology to predict probabilities for our local observations of a universe undergoing false vacuum eternal inflation. At a sufficiently fine-grained level, histories of the universe…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-01-18 James Hartle , Thomas Hertog

Inflation is a bold and expansive extension of the Standard Cosmology. It holds the promise to extend our understanding of the Universe to within 10^{-32}sec of the big bang and answer most of the pressing questions in cosmology. Its…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Michael S. Turner

Teaching cosmology at the undergraduate or high school level requires simplifications and analogies, and inevitably brings the teacher into contact with at least one of the pedagogical interpretations of the expanding universe. The by far…

Physics Education · Physics 2020-08-19 Markus Pössel

This paper uses anthropic reasoning to argue for the Non-Arbitrary Existence Hypothesis (NAEH). Nick Bostrom's Self-Sampling Assumption (SSA) combined with NAEH is compared against SSA without such an assumption and also SSA with the…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2024-06-14 Toby Pereira

The presence of dark energy in our universe is causing space to expand at an accelerating rate. As a result, over the next approximately 100 billion years, all stars residing beyond the Local Group will fall beyond the cosmic horizon and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-06-15 Dan Hooper

Observational astronomy is plagued with selection effects that must be taken into account when interpreting data from astronomical surveys. Because of the physical limitations of observing time and instrument sensitivity, datasets are…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2023-02-22 Sarah C. Gallagher , Chris Smeenk

In the context of models where the dark energy density $\rD$ is a random variable, anthropic selection effects may explain both the "old" cosmological constant problem and the "time coincidence". We argue that this type of solution to both…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 J. Garriga , A. Vilenkin

We consider the no-boundary proposal for homogeneous isotropic closed universes with a cosmological constant and a scalar field with a quadratic potential. In the semi-classical limit, it predicts classical behavior at late times if the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 James B. Hartle , S. W. Hawking , Thomas Hertog

The world view suggested by quantum cosmology is that inflating universes with all possible values of the fundamental constants are spontaneously created out of nothing. I explore the consequences of the assumption that we are a `typical'…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-01 Alexander Vilenkin

Civilization cannot sustain an exponential growth for long time even when neglecting numerous laws of physics! In this paper, we examine what are fundamental obstacles to long term survival of a civilization and its possibility to colonize…

Popular Physics · Physics 2007-11-13 Y. Dutil , S. Dumas

The Milky Way is thought to host a huge population of interstellar objects (ISOs), numbering approximately $10^{15}\mathrm{pc}^{-3}$ around the Sun, which are formed and shaped by a diverse set of processes ranging from planet formation to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-16 Matthew J. Hopkins , Chris Lintott , Michele T. Bannister , J. Ted Mackereth , John C. Forbes

Speculation about the existence of advanced forms of life in the Universe and in our galaxy, has been since ever a subject of fascination and discussion in fiction, as well as in astrophysics, biology and philosophy. The well-known Fermi's…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Orfeu Bertolami

Imagining what life on other planets, and intelligent life in particular, may be like is a long-running theme in human culture. It is a manifestation of the innate human curiosity about the Cosmos, and it has inspired numerous works of art…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-10 S. G. Djorgovski

This paper attempts to provide an estimation of the prevalence of hostile extraterrestrial civilizations through an extrapolation of the probability that we, as the human civilization, would attack or invade an inhabited exoplanet once we…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-05-27 Alberto Caballero

The development of science and technology has progressively demonstrated the ability of humankind to understand and manipulate the physical world, and it has also shown some fundamental limitations to predictability of physical events. This…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2022-06-03 Ezequiel López-Rubio

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the most surprising cosmological discovery in many decades, implying that the universe is dominated by some form of "dark energy" with exotic physical properties, or that Einstein's theory of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 David H. Weinberg , Michael J. Mortonson , Daniel J. Eisenstein , Christopher Hirata , Adam G. Riess , Eduardo Rozo

In the modern quantum mechanics of cosmology observers are physical systems within the universe. They have no preferred role in the formulation of the theory nor in its predictions of third person probabilities of what occurs. However,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-01-18 James Hartle , Thomas Hertog

The Drake equation has been used many times to estimate the number of observable civilizations in the Galaxy. However, the uncertainty of the outcome is so great that any individual result is of limited use, as predictions can range from a…

Popular Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Alex De Visscher

The observed value $\Lambda_{\rm obs}$ of the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is extremely smaller than theoretical expectations, and the anthropic argument has been proposed as a solution to this problem because galaxies do not form when…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-09 Tomonori Totani , Hidetoshi Omiya , Takahiro Sudoh , Masakazu A. R. Kobayashi , Masahiro Nagashima