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Deep neural networks are often considered opaque systems, prompting the need for explainability methods to improve trust and accountability. Existing approaches typically attribute test-time predictions either to input features (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aziz Bacha , Thomas George

Feature attribution is often loosely presented as the process of selecting a subset of relevant features as a rationale of a prediction. Task-dependent by nature, precise definitions of "relevance" encountered in the literature are however…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Darius Afchar , Romain Hennequin , Vincent Guigue

Complex machine learning algorithms are used more and more often in critical tasks involving text data, leading to the development of interpretability methods. Among local methods, two families have emerged: those computing importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Gianluigi Lopardo , Damien Garreau

Deep neural networks have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains, yet their decision-making processes remain opaque. Although many explanation methods are dedicated to bringing the obscurity of DNNs to light, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Kanglong Fan , Yunqiao Yang , Chen Ma

Feature attribution methods, which explain an individual prediction made by a model as a sum of attributions for each input feature, are an essential tool for understanding the behavior of complex deep learning models. However, ensuring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Ethan Weinberger , Joseph Janizek , Su-In Lee

Post-hoc importance attribution methods are a popular tool for "explaining" Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and are inherently based on the assumption that the explanations can be applied independently of how the models were trained.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Siddhartha Gairola , Moritz Böhle , Francesco Locatello , Bernt Schiele

Deep neural networks have been well-known for their superb handling of various machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks. However, due to their over-parameterized black-box nature, it is often difficult to understand the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Xuhong Li , Haoyi Xiong , Xingjian Li , Xuanyu Wu , Xiao Zhang , Ji Liu , Jiang Bian , Dejing Dou

Attribution methods have been developed to understand the decision-making process of machine learning models, especially deep neural networks, by assigning importance scores to individual features. Existing attribution methods often built…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-14 Huiqi Deng , Na Zou , Mengnan Du , Weifu Chen , Guocan Feng , Xia Hu

Current machine learning models are evaluated through behavioral snapshots, with benchmark accuracies, win rates and outcome-based metrics. Model explanations and evaluations, however, are fundamentally intertwined: understanding why a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Isabelle Lee , Emmy Liu , Cathy Jiao , Brihi Joshi , Dani Yogatama , Fazl Barez , Michael Saxon

Machine-learning models have demonstrated great success in learning complex patterns that enable them to make predictions about unobserved data. In addition to using models for prediction, the ability to interpret what a model has learned…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-15 W. James Murdoch , Chandan Singh , Karl Kumbier , Reza Abbasi-Asl , Bin Yu

To tackle interpretability in deep learning, we present a novel framework to jointly learn a predictive model and its associated interpretation model. The interpreter provides both local and global interpretability about the predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Jayneel Parekh , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Florence d'Alché-Buc

There has been a recent push in making machine learning models more interpretable so that their performance can be trusted. Although successful, these methods have mostly focused on the deep learning methods while the fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 David Steinmann , Matej Zečević , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

We take inspiration from the study of human explanation to inform the design and evaluation of interpretability methods in machine learning. First, we survey the literature on human explanation in philosophy, cognitive science, and the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-21 David Alvarez-Melis , Harmanpreet Kaur , Hal Daumé , Hanna Wallach , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan

Concept-based interpretability methods aim to explain deep neural network model predictions using a predefined set of semantic concepts. These methods evaluate a trained model on a new, "probe" dataset and correlate model predictions with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Vikram V. Ramaswamy , Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Ruth Fong , Olga Russakovsky

We analyze state-of-the-art deep learning models for three tasks: question answering on (1) images, (2) tables, and (3) passages of text. Using the notion of \emph{attribution} (word importance), we find that these deep networks often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Pramod Kaushik Mudrakarta , Ankur Taly , Mukund Sundararajan , Kedar Dhamdhere

Explainable AI aims to render model behavior understandable by humans, which can be seen as an intermediate step in extracting causal relations from correlative patterns. Due to the high risk of possible fatal decisions in image-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Lukas Klein , João B. S. Carvalho , Mennatallah El-Assady , Paolo Penna , Joachim M. Buhmann , Paul F. Jaeger

The expansion of explainable artificial intelligence as a field of research has generated numerous methods of visualizing and understanding the black box of a machine learning model. Attribution maps are generally used to highlight the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Ian E. Nielsen , Ravi P. Ramachandran , Nidhal Bouaynaya , Hassan M. Fathallah-Shaykh , Ghulam Rasool

A wide variety of model explanation approaches have been proposed in recent years, all guided by very different rationales and heuristics. In this paper, we take a new route and cast interpretability as a statistical inference problem. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Hugo Henri Joseph Senetaire , Damien Garreau , Jes Frellsen , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

Attribution scores indicate the importance of different input parts and can, thus, explain model behaviour. Currently, prompt-based models are gaining popularity, i.a., due to their easier adaptability in low-resource settings. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Wei Zhou , Heike Adel , Hendrik Schuff , Ngoc Thang Vu

The last decade has seen huge progress in the development of advanced machine learning models; however, those models are powerless unless human users can interpret them. Here we show how the mind's construction of concepts and meaning can…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-04 Nick Condry