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Typically, a randomized experiment is designed to test a hypothesis about the average treatment effect and sometimes hypotheses about treatment effect variation. The results of such a study may then be used to inform policy and practice for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-01 Elizabeth Tipton , Michalis Mamakos

For testing the statistical significance of a treatment effect, we usually compare between two parts of a population, one is exposed to the treatment, and the other is not exposed to it. Standard parametric and nonparametric two-sample…

Computation · Statistics 2012-11-02 Bikram Karmakar , Kumaresh Dhara , Kushal Kumar Dey , Analabha Basu , Anil Ghosh

The major problem in information theoretic analysis of neural responses and other biological data is the reliable estimation of entropy--like quantities from small samples. We apply a recently introduced Bayesian entropy estimator to…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2009-09-29 Ilya Nemenman , William Bialek , Rob de Ruyter van Steveninck

In response to the growing need for generating real-world evidence from multi-site collaborative studies, we introduce an efficient collaborative learning approach to evaluate average treatment effect (ECO-ATE) in a multi-site setting under…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-09 Sijia Li , Rui Duan

Extending (generalizing or transporting) causal inferences from a randomized trial to a target population requires ``generalizability'' or ``transportability'' assumptions, which state that randomized and non-randomized individuals are…

Clinical trials are the gold standard for assessing the effectiveness and safety of drugs for treating diseases. Given the vast design space of drug molecules, elevated financial cost, and multi-year timeline of these trials, research on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Yiqing Zhang , Xiaozhong Liu , Fabricio Murai

We propose a novel regression adjustment method designed for estimating distributional treatment effect parameters in randomized experiments. Randomized experiments have been extensively used to estimate treatment effects in various…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-24 Undral Byambadalai , Tatsushi Oka , Shota Yasui

A platform trial is an innovative clinical trial design that uses a master protocol to evaluate multiple treatments, where patients are often assigned to different subsets of treatment arms based on individual characteristics, enrollment…

Conceptualization, theory, method developments and implementations are always of great importance and an interesting task to explore a new dimension in science and technology, which is highly solicited for various functional-driven…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Karuppuchamy Navamani

Information theory allows us to investigate information processing in neural systems in terms of information transfer, storage and modification. Especially the measure of information transfer, transfer entropy, has seen a dramatic surge of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-11-24 Patricia Wollstadt , Mario Martínez-Zarzuela , Raul Vicente , Francisco J. Díaz-Pernas , Michael Wibral

Existing weighting methods for treatment effect estimation are often built upon the idea of propensity scores or covariate balance. They usually impose strong assumptions on treatment assignment or outcome model to obtain unbiased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Dongcheng Zhang , Kunpeng Zhang

In a randomized control trial, the precision of an average treatment effect estimator can be improved either by collecting data on additional individuals, or by collecting additional covariates that predict the outcome variable. We propose…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-27 Pedro Carneiro , Sokbae Lee , Daniel Wilhelm

A platform trial with a master protocol provides an infrastructure to ethically and efficiently evaluate multiple treatment options in multiple diseases. Given that certain study drugs can enter or exit a platform trial, the randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-15 Tianyu Zhan , Jane Zhang , Lei Shu , Yihua Gu

Randomized experiments are an excellent tool for estimating internally valid causal effects with the sample at hand, but their external validity is frequently debated. While classical results on the estimation of Population Average…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-13 Apoorva Lal , Wenjing Zheng , Simon Ejdemyr

We study the statistical properties of the entropic optimal (self) transport problem for smooth probability measures. We provide an accurate description of the limit distribution for entropic (self-)potentials and plans as the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Gilles Mordant

In panel experiments, we randomly assign units to different interventions, measuring their outcomes, and repeating the procedure in several periods. Using the potential outcomes framework, we define finite population dynamic causal effects…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-28 Iavor Bojinov , Ashesh Rambachan , Neil Shephard

Generalizing empirical findings to new environments, settings, or populations is essential in most scientific explorations. This article treats a particular problem of generalizability, called "transportability", defined as a license to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-03 Elias Bareinboim , Judea Pearl

We discuss the identifiability of causal estimands for generalizability and transportability analyses, both under perfect and imperfect adherence to treatment assignment. We consider a setting where the trial data contain information on…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-10 Issa J. Dahabreh , Sarah E. Robertson , Miguel A. Hernán

When considering the effect a treatment will cause in a population of interest, we often look to evidence from randomized controlled trials. In settings where multiple trials on a treatment are available, we may wish to synthesize the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-08 Nicole Schnitzler , Eloise Kaizar

Estimating the entropy of a discrete random variable is a fundamental problem in information theory and related fields. This problem has many applications in various domains, including machine learning, statistics and data compression. Over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Yuval Shalev , Amichai Painsky , Irad Ben-Gal