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The Assouad and lower dimensions and dimension spectra quantify the regularity of a measure by considering the relative measure of concentric balls. On the other hand, one can quantify the smoothness of an absolutely continuous measure by…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-08-04 Jonathan M. Fraser , Sascha Troscheit

Symmetry is often treated in philosophy of physics as an interpretive problem. A particularly lively dispute concerns local symmetries: do they indicate surplus structure that ought to be expunged, or are they merely a harmless redundancy?…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Henrique Gomes

While the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in analytical tasks such as mathematics and code generation, their utility for abstractive summarization remains widely assumed but largely unverified. To bridge this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Haohan Yuan , Haopeng Zhang

Analogical reasoning is the ability to detect parallels between two seemingly distant objects or situations, a fundamental human capacity used for example in commonsense reasoning, learning, and creativity which is believed by many…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Christian Antić

We introduce a new form of logical relation which, in the spirit of metric relations, allows us to assign each pair of programs a quantity measuring their distance, rather than a boolean value standing for their being equivalent. The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Ugo Dal Lago , Francesco Gavazzo , Akira Yoshimizu

Recent studies suggest that the deeper layers of Large Language Models (LLMs) contribute little to representation learning and can often be removed without significant performance loss. However, such claims are typically drawn from narrow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Xinyuan Song , Keyu Wang , PengXiang Li , Lu Yin , Shiwei Liu

This work introduces a complexity measure which addresses some conflicting issues between existing ones by using a new principle - measuring the average amount of symmetry broken by an object. It attributes low (although different)…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-03-26 Roberto C. Alamino

We review the superiorization methodology, which can be thought of, in some cases, as lying between feasibility-seeking and constrained minimization. It is not quite trying to solve the full fledged constrained minimization problem; rather,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-12-10 Yair Censor

There is a significant gap between our theoretical understanding of optimization algorithms used in deep learning and their practical performance. Theoretical development usually focuses on proving convergence guarantees under a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Hoang Tran , Qinzi Zhang , Ashok Cutkosky

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive reasoning abilities, yet their reliance on structured step-by-step processing reveals a critical limitation. In contrast, human cognition fluidly adapts between intuitive, heuristic (System 1)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Alireza S. Ziabari , Nona Ghazizadeh , Zhivar Sourati , Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi , Payam Piray , Morteza Dehghani

As LLMs are deployed in high-stakes settings, users must judge the correctness of individual responses, often relying on model-generated justifications such as reasoning chains or explanations. Yet, no standard measure exists for whether…

Explainability algorithms aimed at interpreting decision-making AI systems usually consider balancing two critical dimensions: 1) \textit{faithfulness}, where explanations accurately reflect the model's inference process. 2)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Xiaolei Lu , Jianghong Ma

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown impressive performance on tasks involving reasoning, leading to a lively debate on whether these models possess reasoning capabilities similar to humans. However, despite these successes, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Philipp Mondorf , Barbara Plank

Estimating the cognitive complexity of reading comprehension (RC) items is crucial for assessing item difficulty before it is administered to learners. Unlike syntactic and semantic features, such as passage length or semantic similarity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Seonjeong Hwang , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

The concept of complexity appears in virtually all areas of knowledge. Its intuitive meaning shares similarities across fields, but disagreements between its details hinders a general definition, leading to a plethora of proposed…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-10-04 Roberto C. Alamino

This is a very basic introduction to some notions related to logic and complexity.

Logic · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Stephen Semmes

Systems for language understanding have become remarkably strong at overcoming linguistic imperfections in tasks involving phrase matching or simple reasoning. Yet, their accuracy drops dramatically as the number of reasoning steps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Daniel Khashabi , Erfan Sadeqi Azer , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal , Dan Roth

Analogical reasoning depends fundamentally on the ability to learn and generalize about relations between objects. We develop an approach to relational learning which, given a set of pairs of objects…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-08-30 Ricardo Silva , Katherine Heller , Zoubin Ghahramani , Edoardo M. Airoldi

Multi-round incomplete information tasks are crucial for evaluating the lateral thinking capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Currently, research primarily relies on multiple benchmarks and automated evaluation metrics to assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Wenhan Dong , Tianyi Hu , Jingyi Zheng , Zhen Sun , Yuemeng Zhao , Yule Liu , Xinlei He , Xinyi Huang

At present, there is a great deal of confusion regarding complexity and its measures (reviews on complexity measures are found in, e.g. Lloyd, 2001 and Shalizi, 2006 and more references therein). Moreover, there is also confusion regarding…

Biological Physics · Physics 2012-05-01 Attila Grandpierre