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In 1888, Hilbert proved that every non-negative quartic form f=f(x,y,z) with real coefficients is a sum of three squares of quadratic forms. His proof was ahead of its time and used advanced methods from topology and algebraic geometry. Up…
We prove and generalize some recent conjectures of Z.-W. Sun on infinite series whose summands involve products of harmonic numbers and several binomial coefficients. We evaluate various classes of infinite sums in closed form by…
Modifying an idea of E. Brietzke we give simple proofs for the recurrence relations of some sequences of binomial sums which have previously been obtained by other more complicated methods.
Mordell in 1958 gave a new proof of the three squares theorem. Those techniques were generalized by Blackwell, et al., in 2016 to characterize the integers represented by the remaining six "Ramanujan-Dickson ternaries". We continue the…
We prove several old and new theorems about finite sums involving characters and trigonometric functions. These sums can be traced back to theta function identities from Ramanujan's notebooks and were systematically first studied by Berndt…
In this paper, we describe geometrical constructions to obtain triangulations of connected sums of closed orientable triangulated 3-manifolds. Using these constructions, we show that it takes time polynomial in the number of tetrahedra to…
A generalized central trinomial coefficient $T_n(b,c)$ is the coefficient of $x^n$ in the expansion of $(x^2+bx+c)^n$ with $b,c\in\mathbb Z$. In this paper we investigate congruences and series for sums of terms related to central binomial…
We study sums of the form $\sum_{k=m}^n a_{nk} b_{km}$, where $a_{nk}$ and $b_{km}$ are binomial coefficients or unsigned Stirling numbers. In a few cases they can be written in closed form. Failing that, the sums still share many common…
This is a detailed survey -- with rigorous and self-contained proofs -- of some of the basics of elementary combinatorics and algebra, including the properties of finite sums, binomial coefficients, permutations and determinants. It is…
This paper presents a closed form polynomial expression for the binary cyclotomic polynomial. We contrast this against expressions for binary cyclotomic polynomials in (Lam and Leung 1996) and (Lenstra 1979).
Translation from the Latin original, "Inventio summae cuiusque seriei ex dato termino generali" (1735). E47 in the Enestrom index. In this paper Euler derives the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, by expressing y(x-1) with the Taylor…
There is not much that can be said for all $x$ and for all $n$ about the sum \[ \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{|\sin k\pi x|}. \] However, for this and similar sums, series, and products, we can establish results for almost all $x$ using the tools…
A master formula of transformation formulas for bilinear sums of basic hypergeometric series is proposed. It is obtained from the author's previous results on a transformation formula for Milne's multivariate generalization of basic…
This paper provides a technique for evaluating some nonlinear Gaussian sums in closed forms. The evaluation is obtained from the known values of simpler exponential sums.
We study the Pythagoras numbers $py(3,2d)$ of real ternary forms, defined for each degree $2d$ as the minimal number $r$ such that every degree $2d$ ternary form which is a sum of squares can be written as the sum of at most $r$ squares of…
Type III methods were introduced by SAS to address difficulties in dummy-variable models for effects of multiple factors and covariates. They are widely used in practice; they are the default method in several statistical computing…
In a recent paper (Appl. Math. Comput. 215, 1622--1645, 2009), the authors proposed a method of summation of some slowly convergent series. The purpose of this note is to give more theoretical analysis for this transformation, including the…
We prove a theorem that allows one to count solutions to determinant equations twisted by a periodic weight with high uniformity in the modulus. It is obtained by using spectral methods of $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})$ automorphic forms…
A description of the properties of \L with complex characters is given. By using these, together with the more familiar \L with real characters, it is shown how certain two dimensional lattice sums, which previously could not be put into…
A method is developed for calculating effective sums of divergent series. This approach is a variant of the self-similar approximation theory. The novelty here is in using an algebraic transformation with a power providing the maximal…