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We compute, for the first time, self-consistent models of planet growth including the effect of envelope enrichment. The change of envelope metallicity is assumed to be the result of planetesimal disruption or icy pebble sublimation. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-12-07 Julia Venturini , Yann Alibert , Willy Benz

Photoevaporative models predict that the lower edge of the Neptune desert is sculpted by atmospheric mass loss. However, the stellar high energy fluxes that power hydrodynamic escape and set predicted mass loss rates can be uncertain by…

We investigate the loss rates of the hydrogen atmospheres of terrestrial planets with a range of masses and orbital distances by assuming a stellar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) luminosity that is 100 times stronger than that of the current…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-04-27 N. V. Erkaev , H. Lammer , P. Odert , K. G. Kislyakova , C. P. Johnstone , M. Güdel , M. L. Khodachenko

The observed masses and radii of sub-Neptunes are typically explained by the gas dwarf and the water world scenarios. While their evolutionary history on a population level has been proposed as a method to distinguish between these…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-06 Marie-Luise Steinmeyer , Caroline Dorn , Aaron Werlen , Simon L. Grimm

The interaction between a magma ocean and a primordial atmosphere is increasingly recognized as a key process in shaping planetary envelope compositions. This coupling should strongly influence gas accretion, yet its role during the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-04 Tadahiro Kimura , Tim Lichtenberg

We present a new planetary structure/thermal evolution model, designed for use in problems that couple orbital dynamics with planetary structure. We first benchmark our structural/thermal evolution calculations against the \texttt{MESA}…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-30 Tim Hallatt , Sarah Millholland

The majority of the transiting planets discovered by the Kepler mission (called super-Earths here, includes the so-called 'sub-Neptunes') orbit close to their stars. As such, photoevaporation of their hydrogen envelopes etch sharp features…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-04-03 Yanqin Wu

We show that photoevaporation of small gaseous exoplanets ("mini-Neptunes") in the habitable zones of M dwarfs can remove several Earth masses of hydrogen and helium from these planets and transform them into potentially habitable worlds.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-01-28 Rodrigo Luger , Rory Barnes , Eric Lopez , Jonathan Fortney , Brian Jackson , Victoria Meadows

Exoplanets with substantial Hydrogen/Helium atmospheres have been discovered in abundance, many residing extremely close to their parent stars. The extreme irradiation levels these atmospheres experience causes them to undergo hydrodynamic…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-06-12 James E. Owen

We build on recent new evolutionary models of Jupiter and Saturn and here extend our calculations to investigate the evolution of extrasolar giant planets of mass 0.15 to 3.0 M_J. Our inhomogeneous thermal history models show that the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jonathan J. Fortney , W. B. Hubbard

We present updated non-adiabatic and inhomogeneous evolution models for Uranus and Neptune, employing an interior composition of methane, ammonia, water, and rocks. Following formation trends of the gas giants, Uranus and Neptune formation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-28 Roberto Tejada Arevalo

Planetary mass loss is governed by several physical mechanisms, including photoionisation that may impact the evolution of the atmosphere. Stellar radiation energy deposited as heat depends strongly on the energy of the primary electrons…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-18 Alexande Gillet , Antonio Garcia Munoz , Antoine Strugarek

Studying exoplanets with their parent stars is crucial to understand their population, formation and history. We review some of the key questions regarding their evolution with particular emphasis on giant gaseous exoplanets orbiting close…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Tristan Guillot , Douglas N. C. Lin , Pierre Morel , Mathieu Havel , Vivien Parmentier

We present a search for helium in the upper atmospheres of three sub-Neptune size planets to investigate the origins of these ubiquitous objects. The detection of helium for a low density planet would be strong evidence for the presence of…

Systems of close-in super-Earths display striking diversity in planetary bulk density and composition. Giant impacts are expected to play a role in the formation of many of these worlds. Previous works, focused on the mechanical shock…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-27 John B. Biersteker , Hilke E. Schlichting

We present the first models of Saturn and Jupiter to couple their evolution to both a radiative-atmosphere grid and to high-pressure phase diagrams of hydrogen with helium. The purpose of these models is to quantify the evolutionary effects…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jonathan J. Fortney , W. B. Hubbard

The recent discovery of ``ultra-hot'' ($P < 1$ day) Neptunes has come as a surprise: some of these planets have managed to retain gaseous envelopes despite being close enough to their host stars to trigger strong photoevaporation and/or…

Sub-Neptunes represent the largest exoplanet demographic, yet their bulk compositions remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggested that only very cold planets, such as Uranus and Neptune, could experience stratification of volatiles…

The nearby extrasolar planet GJ 436b--which has been labelled as a 'hot Neptune'--reveals itself by the dimming of light as it crosses in front of and behind its parent star as seen from Earth. Respectively known as the primary transit and…

Neptunes and sub-Neptunes are typically modeled under the assumption that the interior is adiabatic and consists of distinct layers. However, formation models indicate that composition gradients can exist. Such composition gradients can…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-03 Mark Eberlein , Ravit Helled