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The Lightning Network is a scaling solution for Bitcoin that promises to enable rapid and private payment processing. In Lightning, multi-hop payments are secured by utilizing Hashed Time-Locked Contracts (HTLCs) and encrypted on the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Elias Rohrer , Florian Tschorsch

Bitcoin, Ethereum and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, as deployed today, cannot scale for wide-spread use. A leading approach for cryptocurrency scaling is a smart contract mechanism called a payment channel which enables two…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Andrew Miller , Iddo Bentov , Ranjit Kumaresan , Christopher Cordi , Patrick McCorry

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a promising solution to the scalability problem of cryptocurrencies. Any two users connected by a payment channel in the network can theoretically send an unbounded number of instant, costless…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Zeta Avarikioti , Tomasz Lizurej , Tomasz Michalak , Michelle Yeo

Payment channel networks like Bitcoin's Lightning network are an auspicious approach for realizing high transaction throughput and almost-instant confirmations in blockchain networks. However, the ability to successfully make payments in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Oguzhan Ersoy , Stefanie Roos , Zekeriya Erkin

Payment networks, also known as channels, are a most promising solution to the throughput problem of cryptocurrencies. In this paper we study the design of capital-efficient payment networks, offline as well as online variants. We want to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Georgia Avarikioti , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Advanced channel reservation is emerging as an important feature of ultra high-speed networks requiring the transfer of large files. Applications include scientific data transfers and database backup. In this paper, we present two new,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2007-11-05 Reuven Cohen , Niloofar Fazlollahi , David Starobinski

Lightning Network (LN) is designed to amend the scalability and privacy issues of Bitcoin. It's a payment channel network where Bitcoin transactions are issued off chain, onion routed through a private payment path with the aim to settle…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Ferenc Beres , Istvan Andras Seres , Andras A. Benczur

We present Fission, a new permissionless blockchain that achieves scalability in both terms of system throughput and transaction confirmation time, while at the same time, retaining blockchain's core values of equality and decentralization.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-17 Ke Liang

Micropayment channels are the most prominent solution to the limitation on transaction throughput in current blockchain systems. However, in practice channels are risky because participants have to be online constantly to avoid fraud, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Georgia Avarikioti , Felix Laufenberg , Jakub Sliwinski , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Blockchain technology has revolutionized the way transactions are executed, but scalability remains a major challenge. Payment Channel Network (PCN), as a Layer-2 scaling solution, has been proposed to address this issue. However, skewed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Minghui Xu , Wenxuan Yu , Guangyong Shang , Guangpeng Qi , Dongliang Duan , Shan Wang , Kun Li , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Network-level privacy is the Achilles heel of financial privacy in cryptocurrencies. Financial privacy amounts to achieving and maintaining blockchain- and network-level privacy. Blockchain-level privacy recently received substantial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Ferenc Béres , István András Seres , Domokos M. Kelen , András A. Benczúr

Today, payment paths in Bitcoin's Lightning Network are found by searching for shortest paths on the fee graph. We enhance this approach in two dimensions. Firstly, we take into account the probability of a payment actually being possible…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Rene Pickhardt , Stefan Richter

A payment channel network is a blockchain-based overlay mechanism that allows parties to transact more efficiently than directly using the blockchain. These networks are composed of payment channels that carry transactions between pairs of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Suryanarayana Sankagiri , Bruce Hajek

Despite being under development for over 15 years, transaction throughput remains one of the key challenges confronting blockchains, which typically has a cap of a limited number of transactions per second. A fundamental factor limiting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Evangelos Kolyvas , Alexandros Antonov , Spyros Voulgaris

Offchain networks emerge as a promising solution to address the scalability challenge of blockchain. Participants directly make payments through a network of payment channels without the overhead of committing onchain transactions. Routing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Peng Wang , Hong Xu , Xin Jin , Tao Wang

Cross-chain technology enables interoperability among otherwise isolated blockchains, supporting interactions across heterogeneous networks. Similar to how multi-hop communication became fundamental in the evolution of the Internet, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Minghui Xu , Yihao Guo , Yanqiang Zhang , Zhiguang Shan , Guangyong Shang , Zhen Ma , Bin Xiao , Xiuzhen Cheng

Large language model (LLM) routing has emerged as a critical strategy to balance model performance and cost-efficiency by dynamically selecting services from various model providers. However, LLM routing adds an intermediate layer between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xidong Wu , Yukuan Zhang , Yuqiong Ji , Reza Shirkavand , Qian Lou , Shangqian Gao

The Bitcoin Lightning Network is a Layer 2 payment protocol that addresses Bitcoin's scalability by facilitating quick and cost effective transactions through payment channels. This research explores the feasibility of using machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Vincent Davis , Emanuele Rossi , Vikash Singh

In multi-path routing schemes for payment-channel networks, Alice transfers funds to Bob by splitting them into partial payments and routing them along multiple paths. Undisclosed channel balances and mismatched transaction fees cause…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Vivek Bagaria , Joachim Neu , David Tse

Payment channel networks (PCNs) offer a promising solution to address the limited transaction throughput of deployed blockchains. However, several attacks have recently been proposed that stress the vulnerability of PCNs to timelock and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Zeta Avarikioti , Yuheng Wang , Yuyi Wang