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Axis-aligned decision forests have long been the leading class of machine learning algorithms for modeling tabular data. In many applications of machine learning such as learning-to-rank, decision forests deliver remarkable performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Sebastian Bruch , Jan Pfeifer , Mathieu Guillame-bert

Decision trees are a commonly used class of machine learning models valued for their interpretability and versatility, capable of both classification and regression. We propose ZTree, a novel decision tree learning framework that replaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Eric Cheng , Jie Cheng

Decision trees and random forest remain highly competitive for classification on medium-sized, standard datasets due to their robustness, minimal preprocessing requirements, and interpretability. However, a single tree suffers from high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Cencheng Shen , Yuexiao Dong , Carey E. Priebe

Classification and Regression Trees (CARTs) are off-the-shelf techniques in modern Statistics and Machine Learning. CARTs are traditionally built by means of a greedy procedure, sequentially deciding the splitting predictor variable(s) and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-25 Rafael Blanquero , Emilio Carrizosa , Cristina Molero-Río , Dolores Romero Morales

Decision diagrams for classification have some notable advantages over decision trees, as their internal connections can be determined at training time and their width is not bound to grow exponentially with their depth. Accordingly,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Alexandre M. Florio , Pedro Martins , Maximilian Schiffer , Thiago Serra , Thibaut Vidal

Deep neural networks have been proven powerful at processing perceptual data, such as images and audio. However for tabular data, tree-based models are more popular. A nice property of tree-based models is their natural interpretability. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Yongxin Yang , Irene Garcia Morillo , Timothy M. Hospedales

Model trees provide an appealing way to perform interpretable machine learning for both classification and regression problems. In contrast to ``classic'' decision trees with constant values in their leaves, model trees can use linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Eibe Frank

In order to speed-up classification models when facing a large number of categories, one usual approach consists in organizing the categories in a particular structure, this structure being then used as a way to speed-up the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-26 Aurélia Léon , Ludovic Denoyer

Prototype-based methods use interpretable representations to address the black-box nature of deep learning models, in contrast to post-hoc explanation methods that only approximate such models. We propose the Neural Prototype Tree…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Meike Nauta , Ron van Bree , Christin Seifert

Decision trees are widely used for non-linear modeling, as they capture interactions between predictors while producing inherently interpretable models. Despite their popularity, performing inference on the non-linear fit remains largely…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Soham Bakshi , Snigdha Panigrahi

Recent years have seen a surge in research on deep interpretable neural networks with decision trees as one of the most commonly incorporated tools. There are at least three advantages of using decision trees over logistic regression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Łukasz Struski , Tomasz Danel , Marek Śmieja , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

Tree-based models are widely recognized for their interpretability and have proven effective in various application domains, particularly in high-stakes domains. However, learning decision trees (DTs) poses a significant challenge due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sascha Marton

Deep neural networks have proved to be a very effective way to perform classification tasks. They excel when the input data is high dimensional, the relationship between the input and the output is complicated, and the number of labeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Nicholas Frosst , Geoffrey Hinton

Various modifications of decision trees have been extensively used during the past years due to their high efficiency and interpretability. Tree node splitting based on relevant feature selection is a key step of decision tree learning, at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Dmitry Ignatov , Andrey Ignatov

We propose a novel training method that integrates rules into deep learning, in a way the strengths of the rules are controllable at inference. Deep Neural Networks with Controllable Rule Representations (DeepCTRL) incorporates a rule…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Sungyong Seo , Sercan O. Arik , Jinsung Yoon , Xiang Zhang , Kihyuk Sohn , Tomas Pfister

Decision trees are widely used for interpretable machine learning due to their clearly structured reasoning process. However, this structure belies a challenge we refer to as predictive equivalence: a given tree's decision boundary can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Hayden McTavish , Zachery Boner , Jon Donnelly , Margo Seltzer , Cynthia Rudin

The decision tree recursively partitions the input space into regions and derives axis-aligned decision boundaries from data. Despite its simplicity and interpretability, decision trees lack parameterized representation, which makes it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jinxiong Zhang

Deep learning models have become popular in the analysis of tabular data, as they address the limitations of decision trees and enable valuable applications like semi-supervised learning, online learning, and transfer learning. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Jiaqi Luo , Shixin Xu

Decision trees are considered one of the most powerful tools for data classification. Accelerating the decision tree search is crucial for on-the-edge applications that have limited power and latency budget. In this paper, we propose a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Mariam Rakka , Mohammed E. Fouda , Rouwaida Kanj , Fadi Kurdahi

Ren et al. recently introduced a method for aggregating multiple decision trees into a strong predictor by interpreting a path taken by a sample down each tree as a binary vector and performing linear regression on top of these vectors…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Nenad Markuš , Ivan Gogić , Igor S. Pandžić , Jörgen Ahlberg