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We analyze speed of convergence to global optimum for gradient descent training a deep linear neural network (parameterized as $x \mapsto W_N W_{N-1} \cdots W_1 x$) by minimizing the $\ell_2$ loss over whitened data. Convergence at a linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Sanjeev Arora , Nadav Cohen , Noah Golowich , Wei Hu

Despite their overwhelming capacity to overfit, deep learning architectures tend to generalize relatively well to unseen data, allowing them to be deployed in practice. However, explaining why this is the case is still an open area of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Laurent Dinh , Razvan Pascanu , Samy Bengio , Yoshua Bengio

We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend

Training deep neural networks results in strong learned representations that show good generalization capabilities. In most cases, training involves iterative modification of all weights inside the network via back-propagation. In Extreme…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-06 Amir Rosenfeld , John K. Tsotsos

Understanding the loss surface of neural networks is essential for the design of models with predictable performance and their success in applications. Experimental results suggest that sufficiently deep and wide neural networks are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Henning Petzka , Cristian Sminchisescu

We analyze dropout in deep networks with rectified linear units and the quadratic loss. Our results expose surprising differences between the behavior of dropout and more traditional regularizers like weight decay. For example, on some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-21 David P. Helmbold , Philip M. Long

In this paper, we propose a geometric framework to analyze the convergence properties of gradient descent trajectories in the context of linear neural networks. We translate a well-known empirical observation of linear neural nets into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Yacine Chitour , Zhenyu Liao , Romain Couillet

The notion of flat minima has played a key role in the generalization studies of deep learning models. However, existing definitions of the flatness are known to be sensitive to the rescaling of parameters. The issue suggests that the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-29 Yusuke Tsuzuku , Issei Sato , Masashi Sugiyama

When training deep neural networks with gradient descent, sharpness often increases -- a phenomenon known as progressive sharpening -- before saturating at the edge of stability. Although commonly observed in practice, the underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Geonhui Yoo , Minhak Song , Chulhee Yun

Despite the non-convex nature of their loss functions, deep neural networks are known to generalize well when optimized with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). Recent work conjectures that SGD with proper configuration is able to find wide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Haowei He , Gao Huang , Yang Yuan

We consider the approximation of functions by 2-layer neural networks with a small number of hidden weights based on the squared loss and small datasets. Due to the highly non-convex energy landscape, gradient-based training often suffers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Johannes Hertrich , Sebastian Neumayer

Machine learning methods are commonly used to solve inverse problems, wherein an unknown signal must be estimated from few indirect measurements generated via a known acquisition procedure. In particular, neural networks perform well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Hannah Laus , Suzanna Parkinson , Vasileios Charisopoulos , Felix Krahmer , Rebecca Willett

Although deep learning has shown its powerful performance in many applications, the mathematical principles behind neural networks are still mysterious. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning a one-hidden-layer neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shuhao Xia , Yuanming Shi

The remarkable generalization ability of neural networks is usually attributed to the implicit bias of SGD, which often yields models with lower complexity using simpler (e.g. linear) and low-rank features. Recent works have provided…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Khashayar Gatmiry , Zhiyuan Li , Sashank J. Reddi , Stefanie Jegelka

Despite their empirical success, neural networks remain vulnerable to small, adversarial perturbations. A longstanding hypothesis suggests that flat minima, regions of low curvature in the loss landscape, offer increased robustness. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Nils Philipp Walter , Linara Adilova , Jilles Vreeken , Michael Kamp

Many modern learning tasks involve fitting nonlinear models to data which are trained in an overparameterized regime where the parameters of the model exceed the size of the training dataset. Due to this overparameterization, the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Samet Oymak , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

Deep neural networks trained on a wide range of datasets demonstrate impressive transferability. Deep features appear general in that they are applicable to many datasets and tasks. Such property is in prevalent use in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Hong Liu , Mingsheng Long , Jianmin Wang , Michael I. Jordan

In this paper, we present some theoretical work to explain why simple gradient descent methods are so successful in solving non-convex optimization problems in learning large-scale neural networks (NN). After introducing a mathematical tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Hui Jiang

This paper proposes a theoretical framework to evaluate and compare the performance of stochastic gradient algorithms for distributed learning in relation to their behavior around local minima in nonconvex environments. Previous works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ying Cao , Zhaoxian Wu , Kun Yuan , Ali H. Sayed

Deep learning researchers commonly suggest that converged models are stuck in local minima. More recently, some researchers observed that under reasonable assumptions, the vast majority of critical points are saddle points, not true minima.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-25 Zachary C. Lipton