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A $B$-tree is a type of search tree where every node (except possibly for the root) contains between $m$ and $2m$ keys for some positive integer $m$, and all leaves have the same distance to the root. We study sequences of $B$-trees that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-11 Fabian Burghart , Stephan Wagner

One-dimensional fragment of first-order logic is obtained by restricting quantification to blocks of existential (universal) quantifiers that leave at most one variable free. We investigate this fragment over words and trees, presenting a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Emanuel Kieronski , Antti Kuusisto

A bijection between ternary trees with $n$ nodes and a subclass of Motzkin paths of length $3n$ is given. This bijection can then be generalized to $t$-ary trees.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-17 Helmut Prodinger , Sarah J. Selkirk

The class of self-nested trees presents remarkable compression properties because of the systematic repetition of subtrees in their structure. In this paper, we provide a better combinatorial characterization of this specific family of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Romain Azaïs , Jean-Baptiste Durand , Christophe Godin

We determine upper and lower bounds for the number of maximum matchings (i.e., matchings of maximum cardinality) $m(T)$ of a tree $T$ of given order. While the trees that attain the lower bound are easily characterised, the trees with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-09 Clemens Heuberger , Stephan Wagner

Trees are partial orders in which every element has a linearly ordered set of predecessors. Here we initiate the exploration of the structural theory of trees with the study of different notions of \emph{branching in trees} and of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Valentin Goranko , Ruaan Kellerman , Alberto Zanardo

There are several common ways to encode a tree as a matrix, such as the adjacency matrix, the Laplacian matrix (that is, the infinitesimal generator of the natural random walk), and the matrix of pairwise distances between leaves. Such…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Frederick A. Matsen , Steven N. Evans

A hierarchical structure describing the inter-relationships of species has long been a fundamental concept in systematic biology, from Linnean classification through to the more recent quest for a 'Tree of Life.' In this paper we use an…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2009-08-21 Andreas Dress , Vincent Moulton , Mike Steel , Taoyang Wu

We consider random binary trees that appear as the output of certain standard algorithms for sorting and searching if the input is random. We introduce the subtree size metric on search trees and show that the resulting metric spaces…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-05-06 Rudolf Grübel

While the notion of arboricity of a graph is well-known in graph theory, very few results are dedicated to the minimal number of trees covering the edges of a graph, called the tree number of a graph.

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Natalia Vanetik

The arithmetic of natural numbers has a natural and simple encoding within sets, and the simplest set whose structure is not that of any natural number extends this set-theoretic representation to positive and negative integers. The…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-05-17 Ruadhan O'Flanagan

In this paper, we focus on the prediction phase of a random forest and study the problem of representing a bag of decision trees using a smaller bag of decision trees, where we only consider binary decision problems on the binary domain and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Tatsuya Akutsu , Avraham A. Melkman , Atsuhiro Takasu

A fringe subtree of a rooted tree is a subtree consisting of one of the nodes and all its descendants. In this paper, we are specifically interested in the number of non-isomorphic trees that appear in the collection of all fringe subtrees…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-09 Louisa Seelbach Benkner , Stephan Wagner

An evolutionary tree is a rooted tree where each internal vertex has at least two children and where the leaves are labeled with distinct symbols representing species. Evolutionary trees are useful for modeling the evolutionary history of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ming-Yang Kao

A tanglegram consists of two binary rooted trees with the same number of leaves and a perfect matching between the leaves of the trees. We show that the two halves of a random tanglegram essentially look like two independently chosen random…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-04-08 Matjaž Konvalinka , Stephan Wagner

The ternary betweenness relation of a tree, B(x,y,z) expresses that y is on the unique path between x and z. This notion can be extended to order-theoretic trees defined as partial orders such that the set of nodes larger than any node is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Bruno Courcelle

Explaining why and how a tree $t$ structurally differs from another tree $t^\star$ is a question that is encountered throughout computer science, including in understanding tree-structured data such as XML or JSON data. In this article, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Daniel Neider , Leif Sabellek , Johannes Schmidt , Fabian Vehlken , Thomas Zeume

This paper contains a classification of countable lower 1-transitive linear orders. The notion of lower 1-transitivity generalises that of 1-transitivity for linear orders, and is essential for the structure theory of 1-transitive trees.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-22 Silvia Barbina , Katie Chicot

Labeled infinite trees provide combinatorial interpretations for many integer sequences generated by nested recurrence relations. Typically, such sequences are monotone increasing. Several of these sequences also have straightforward…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-07 Nathan Fox

We study a class of combinatorial objects that we call "decorated trees". These consist of vertices, arrows and edges, where each edge is decorated by two integers (one near each of its endpoints), each arrow is decorated by an integer, and…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2024-10-08 Pierrette Cassou-Noguès , Daniel Daigle