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We prove a central limit theorem for network formation models with strategic interactions and homophilous agents. Since data often consists of observations on a single large network, we consider an asymptotic framework in which the network…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-11 Michael P. Leung , Hyungsik Roger Moon

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), despite achieving remarkable performance across different tasks, are theoretically bounded by the 1-Weisfeiler-Lehman test, resulting in limitations in terms of graph expressivity. Even though prior works on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Quang Truong , Peter Chin

Natural physical, chemical, and biological dynamical systems are often complex, with heterogeneous components interacting in diverse ways. We show how simple graph neural networks can be designed to jointly learn the interaction rules and…

We present a new approach to graph limit theory which unifies and generalizes the two most well developed directions, namely dense graph limits (even the more general $L^p$ limits) and Benjamini--Schramm limits (even in the stronger…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-05 Agnes Backhausz , Balazs Szegedy

Multiplex networks describe a large variety of complex systems, whose elements (nodes) can be connected by different types of interactions forming different layers (networks) of the multiplex. Multiplex networks include social networks,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-10-29 Jacopo Iacovacci , Zhihao Wu , Ginestra Bianconi

Network theory has proven to be a powerful tool in describing and analyzing systems by modelling the relations between their constituent objects. In recent years great progress has been made by augmenting `traditional' network theory.…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2016-06-03 Dominik Traxl , Niklas Boers , Jürgen Kurths

The irreducible complexity of natural phenomena has led Graph Neural Networks to be employed as a standard model to perform representation learning tasks on graph-structured data. While their capacity to capture local and global patterns is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Lorenzo Giusti

We address the issue of the proximity of interacting diffusion models on large graphs with a uniform degree property and a corresponding mean field model, i.e. a model on the complete graph with a suitably renormalized interaction…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-11-23 Sylvain Delattre , Giambattista Giacomin , Eric Luçon

The behavior of complex systems is determined not only by the topological organization of their interconnections but also by the dynamical processes taking place among their constituents. A faithful modeling of the dynamics is essential…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-20 R. Lambiotte , R. Sinatra , J. -C. Delvenne , T. S. Evans , M. Barahona , V. Latora

The article considers systems of interacting particles on networks with adaptively coupled dynamics. Such processes appear frequently in natural processes and applications. Relying on the notion of graph convergence, we prove that for large…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Sebastian Throm

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are designed to process data associated with graphs. They are finding an increasing range of applications; however, as with other modern machine learning techniques, their theoretical understanding is limited.…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-23 O. Duranthon , L. Zdeborová

Despite the celebrated popularity of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) across numerous applications, the ability of GNNs to generalize remains less explored. In this work, we propose to study the generalization of GNNs through a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Shouheng Li , Dongwoo Kim , Qing Wang

This paper deals with dynamical networks for which the relations between node signals are described by proper transfer functions and external signals can influence each of the node signals. In particular, we are interested in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-24 Henk J. van Waarde , Pietro Tesi , M. Kanat Camlibel

We address a system of weakly interacting particles where the heterogenous connections among the particles are described by a graph sequence and the number of particles grows to infinity. Our results extend the existing law of large numbers…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-03 Fabio Coppini , Anna De Crescenzo , Huyen Pham

Networks of the brain are composed of a very large number of neurons connected through a random graph and interacting after random delays that both depend on the anatomical distance between cells. In order to comprehend the role of these…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2014-05-16 Cristobal Quininao , Jonathan Touboul

In this paper, we study weakly interacting diffusion processes on random graphs. Our main focus is on the properties of the mean-field limit and, in particular, on the nonuniqueness and bifurcation structure of stationary states. By…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-11-03 Benedetta Bertoli , Grigorios A. Pavliotis , Niccolò Zagli

Understanding and interacting with everyday physical scenes requires rich knowledge about the structure of the world, represented either implicitly in a value or policy function, or explicitly in a transition model. Here we introduce a new…

In the last decade it became apparent that a large number of the most interesting structures and phenomena of the world can be described by networks: separable elements, with connections (or interactions) between certain pairs of them.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-02-03 Laszlo Lovasz

Formation mechanisms are fundamental to the study of complex networks, but learning them from observations is challenging. In real-world domains, one often has access only to the final constructed graph, instead of the full construction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Rakshit Trivedi , Jiachen Yang , Hongyuan Zha

Interacting particle systems play a key role in science and engineering. Access to the governing particle interaction law is fundamental for a complete understanding of such systems. However, the inherent system complexity keeps the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Zhichao Han , David S. Kammer , Olga Fink