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In the real world, many tasks require multiple agents to cooperate with each other under the condition of local observations. To solve such problems, many multi-agent reinforcement learning methods based on Centralized Training with…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Zhiwei Xu , Dapeng Li , Yunpeng Bai , Guoliang Fan

We propose using regularization for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning rather than learning explicit cooperative structures called {\em Multi-Agent Regularized Q-learning} (MARQ). Many MARL approaches leverage centralized structures in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Chapman Siu , Jason Traish , Richard Yi Da Xu

Value decomposition is a central approach in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), enabling centralized training with decentralized execution by factorizing the global value function into local values. To ensure individual-global-max…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tianmeng Hu , Yongzheng Cui , Rui Tang , Biao Luo , Ke Li

This paper presents a novel approach to Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) that combines cooperative task decomposition with the learning of reward machines (RMs) encoding the structure of the sub-tasks. The proposed method helps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Leo Ardon , Daniel Furelos-Blanco , Alessandra Russo

Designing efficient algorithms for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is fundamentally challenging because the size of the joint state and action spaces grows exponentially in the number of agents. These difficulties are exacerbated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Emile Anand , Ishani Karmarkar , Guannan Qu

We explore value-based multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in the popular paradigm of centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE). CTDE has an important concept, Individual-Global-Max (IGM) principle, which requires the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Jianhao Wang , Zhizhou Ren , Terry Liu , Yang Yu , Chongjie Zhang

Deep Q-learning has achieved significant success in single-agent decision making tasks. However, it is challenging to extend Q-learning to large-scale multi-agent scenarios, due to the explosion of action space resulting from the complex…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Ming Zhou , Yong Chen , Ying Wen , Yaodong Yang , Yufeng Su , Weinan Zhang , Dell Zhang , Jun Wang

Value decomposition is a core approach for cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). However, existing methods still rely on a single optimal action and struggle to adapt when the underlying value function shifts during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yonghyeon Jo , Sunwoo Lee , Seungyul Han

Value-based methods of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), especially the value decomposition methods, have been demonstrated on a range of challenging cooperative tasks. However, current methods pay little attention to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Xiaoteng Ma , Yiqin Yang , Chenghao Li , Yiwen Lu , Qianchuan Zhao , Yang Jun

Value function decomposition is becoming a popular rule of thumb for scaling up multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in cooperative games. For such a decomposition rule to hold, the assumption of the individual-global max (IGM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Zehao Dou , Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Yaodong Yang

Deep Q-Network (DQN) based multi-agent systems (MAS) for reinforcement learning (RL) use various schemes where in the agents have to learn and communicate. The learning is however specific to each agent and communication may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Abdul Mueed Hafiz , Ghulam Mohiuddin Bhat

The field of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has seen widespread use in addressing complex coordination tasks. While value decomposition methods in MARL have been popular, they have limitations in solving tasks with…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Shanqi Liu , Weiwei Liu , Wenzhou Chen , Guanzhong Tian , Yong Liu

In multi-agent cooperative tasks, the presence of heterogeneous agents is familiar. Compared to cooperation among homogeneous agents, collaboration requires considering the best-suited sub-tasks for each agent. However, the operation of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Songchen Fu , Shaojing Zhao , Ta Li , YongHong Yan

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has witnessed a remarkable surge in interest, fueled by the empirical success achieved in applications of single-agent reinforcement learning (RL). In this study, we consider a distributed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee

In this paper, we introduce an alternative approach to enhancing Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) through the integration of domain knowledge and attention-based policy mechanisms. Our methodology focuses on the incorporation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Andre R Kuroswiski , Annie S Wu , Angelo Passaro

In many real-world settings, a team of agents must coordinate their behaviour while acting in a decentralised way. At the same time, it is often possible to train the agents in a centralised fashion in a simulated or laboratory setting,…

Value decomposition (VD) methods have achieved remarkable success in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). However, their reliance on the max operator for temporal-difference (TD) target calculation leads to systematic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yuanjun Li , Bin Zhang , Hao Chen , Zhouyang Jiang , Dapeng Li , Zhiwei Xu

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL) suffers from a lack of commonly-used evaluation tasks and criteria, making comparisons between approaches difficult. In this work, we provide a systematic evaluation and comparison of three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Georgios Papoudakis , Filippos Christianos , Lukas Schäfer , Stefano V. Albrecht

Communication is essential for the collective execution of complex tasks by human agents, motivating interest in communication mechanisms for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). However, existing communication protocols in MARL are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Maciej Wojtala , Bogusz Stefańczyk , Dominik Bogucki , Łukasz Lepak , Jakub Strykowski , Paweł Wawrzyński

Traditional centralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms are sometimes unpractical in complicated applications, due to non-interactivity between agents, curse of dimensionality and computation complexity. Hence, several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Wenhao Li , Bo Jin , Xiangfeng Wang , Junchi Yan , Hongyuan Zha