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Deep Learning is a state-of-the-art technique to make inference on extensive or complex data. As a black box model due to their multilayer nonlinear structure, Deep Neural Networks are often criticized to be non-transparent and their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Vanessa Buhrmester , David Münch , Michael Arens

Despite their high accuracies, modern complex image classifiers cannot be trusted for sensitive tasks due to their unknown decision-making process and potential biases. Counterfactual explanations are very effective in providing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Kamran Alipour , Aditya Lahiri , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi , Michael Pazzani

Learning useful representations of complex data has been the subject of extensive research for many years. With the diffusion of Deep Neural Networks, Variational Autoencoders have gained lots of attention since they provide an explicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Marco Maggipinto , Matteo Terzi , Gian Antonio Susto

Interpretable machine learning offers insights into what factors drive a certain prediction of a black-box system. A large number of interpreting methods focus on identifying explanatory input features, which generally fall into two main…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Vy Vo , Van Nguyen , Trung Le , Quan Hung Tran , Gholamreza Haffari , Seyit Camtepe , Dinh Phung

An important step towards explaining deep image classifiers lies in the identification of image regions that contribute to individual class scores in the model's output. However, doing this accurately is a difficult task due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Steven Stalder , Nathanaël Perraudin , Radhakrishna Achanta , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Michele Volpi

In machine learning algorithm design, there exists a trade-off between the interpretability and performance of the algorithm. In general, algorithms which are simpler and easier for humans to comprehend tend to show worse performance than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Eric M. Vernon , Naoki Masuyama , Yusuke Nojima

In the field of medical imaging, particularly in tasks related to early disease detection and prognosis, understanding the reasoning behind AI model predictions is imperative for assessing their reliability. Conventional explanation methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yingying Fang , Shuang Wu , Zihao Jin , Caiwen Xu , Shiyi Wang , Simon Walsh , Guang Yang

We consider learning to optimize a classification metric defined by a black-box function of the confusion matrix. Such black-box learning settings are ubiquitous, for example, when the learner only has query access to the metric of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Gaurush Hiranandani , Jatin Mathur , Harikrishna Narasimhan , Mahdi Milani Fard , Oluwasanmi Koyejo

Post-hoc explanations for black box models have been studied extensively in classification and regression settings. However, explanations for models that output similarity between two inputs have received comparatively lesser attention. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Amit Dhurandhar , Dennis Wei , Zaid Bin Tariq

We revisit language bottleneck models as an approach to ensuring the explainability of deep learning models for image classification. Because of inevitable information loss incurred in the step of converting images into language, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Honori Udo , Takafumi Koshinaka

The rapid evolution of machine learning (ML) has led to the widespread adoption of complex "black box" models, such as deep neural networks and ensemble methods. These models exhibit exceptional predictive performance, making them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Ayah Barhrhouj , Julien Aligon

Explainable AI consists in developing mechanisms allowing for an interaction between decision systems and humans by making the decisions of the formers understandable. This is particularly important in sensitive contexts like in the medical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-08 Carlo Metta , Riccardo Guidotti , Yuan Yin , Patrick Gallinari , Salvatore Rinzivillo

This work proposes xGEMs or manifold guided exemplars, a framework to understand black-box classifier behavior by exploring the landscape of the underlying data manifold as data points cross decision boundaries. To do so, we train an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Shalmali Joshi , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Been Kim , Joydeep Ghosh

Black box machine learning models are currently being used for high stakes decision-making throughout society, causing problems throughout healthcare, criminal justice, and in other domains. People have hoped that creating methods for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-24 Cynthia Rudin

The encoding of solutions in black-box optimization is a delicate, handcrafted balance between expressiveness and domain knowledge -- between exploring a wide variety of solutions, and ensuring that those solutions are useful. Our main…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Adam Gaier , Alexander Asteroth , Jean-Baptiste Mouret

In the ever-evolving field of Artificial Intelligence, a critical challenge has been to decipher the decision-making processes within the so-called "black boxes" in deep learning. Over recent years, a plethora of methods have emerged,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Karam Dawoud , Wojciech Samek , Peter Eisert , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Sebastian Bosse

Nowadays, deep neural networks are being used in many domains because of their high accuracy results. However, they are considered as "black box", means that they are not explainable for humans. On the other hand, in some tasks such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Niloofar Ranjbar , Reza Safabakhsh

While deep neural networks are extremely effective at classifying images, they remain opaque and hard to interpret. We introduce local and global explanation methods for black-box models that generate explanations in terms of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bhavan Vasu , Giuseppe Raffa , Prasad Tadepalli

In an effort to interpret black-box models, researches for developing explanation methods have proceeded in recent years. Most studies have tried to identify input pixels that are crucial to the prediction of a classifier. While this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Sin-Han Kang , Hong-Gyu Jung , Seong-Whan Lee

Several explainable AI methods allow a Machine Learning user to get insights on the classification process of a black-box model in the form of local linear explanations. With such information, the user can judge which features are locally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Francesco Lomuscio , Paolo Bajardi , Alan Perotti , Elvio G. Amparore