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Q-learning is a popular Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm which is widely used in practice with function approximation (Mnih et al., 2015). In contrast, existing theoretical results are pessimistic about Q-learning. For example, (Baird,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Naman Agarwal , Syomantak Chaudhuri , Prateek Jain , Dheeraj Nagaraj , Praneeth Netrapalli

Average-reward Markov decision processes (MDPs) provide a foundational framework for sequential decision-making under uncertainty. However, average-reward MDPs have remained largely unexplored in reinforcement learning (RL) settings, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Juan Sebastian Rojas , Chi-Guhn Lee

Standard model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms sample a new initial state for each trial, allowing them to optimize policies that can perform well even in highly stochastic environments. However, problems that exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Dibya Ghosh , Avi Singh , Aravind Rajeswaran , Vikash Kumar , Sergey Levine

Reinforcement Learning (RL) traditionally relies on scalar reward signals, limiting its ability to leverage the rich semantic knowledge often available in real-world tasks. In contrast, humans learn efficiently by combining numerical…

We study how to efficiently combine formal methods, Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), and deep learning in order to produce high-quality receding horizon policies in large Markov Decision processes (MDPs). In particular, we use model-checking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Debraj Chakraborty , Damien Busatto-Gaston , Jean-François Raskin , Guillermo A. Pérez

Reinforcement learning (RL) for exponential-utility optimization in discounted Markov decision processes (MDPs) lacks principled value-based algorithms. We address this gap in the fixed risk-aversion setting. Building on the Bellman-type…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Gugan Thoppe , L. A. Prashanth , Ankur Naskar , Sanjay Bhat

Safety is a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning (RL), particularly in real-world applications such as autonomous driving, robotics, and healthcare. To address this, Constrained Markov Decision Processes (CMDPs) are commonly used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Chang Liu , Yunfan Li , Lin F. Yang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enhances LLM reasoning, yet a paradox emerges as models scale: strong base models saturate standard benchmarks (e.g., MATH), yielding correct but homogeneous solutions. In such environments, the lack of failure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhenwen Liang , Yujun Zhou , Sidi Lu , Xiangliang Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) is an algorithm that incorporates stochastic modification of the action as part of the process that updates the fields in a Monte Carlo simulation. Such update moves have the potential of lowering or eliminating…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-06-22 Arjun Singh Gambhir , Kostas Orginos

Reinforcement learning has traditionally been studied with exponential discounting or the average reward setup, mainly due to their mathematical tractability. However, such frameworks fall short of accurately capturing human behavior, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 S. R. Eshwar , Mayank Motwani , Nibedita Roy , Gugan Thoppe

Maximum entropy reinforcement learning integrates exploration into policy learning by providing additional intrinsic rewards proportional to the entropy of some distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel approach in which the intrinsic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Adrien Bolland , Gaspard Lambrechts , Damien Ernst

We study the exploration problem with approximate linear action-value functions in episodic reinforcement learning under the notion of low inherent Bellman error, a condition normally employed to show convergence of approximate value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Andrea Zanette , Alessandro Lazaric , Mykel Kochenderfer , Emma Brunskill

Value function based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, for example, $Q$-learning, learn optimal policies from datasets of actions, rewards, and state transitions. However, when the underlying state transition dynamics are stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Udari Madhushani , Biswadip Dey , Naomi Ehrich Leonard , Amit Chakraborty

A key challenge in applying reinforcement learning to safety-critical domains is understanding how to balance exploration (needed to attain good performance on the task) with safety (needed to avoid catastrophic failure). Although a growing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Melrose Roderick , Vaishnavh Nagarajan , J. Zico Kolter

Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) has achieved state-of-the-art results in many domains such as Go and Atari games when combining with deep neural networks (DNNs). When more simulations are executed, MCTS can achieve higher performance but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Li-Cheng Lan , Meng-Yu Tsai , Ti-Rong Wu , I-Chen Wu , Cho-Jui Hsieh

This paper proposes a novel reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm using improved Monte Carlo tree search (IMCTS) formulation for discrete optimum design of truss structures. IMCTS with multiple root nodes includes update process, the best…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Fu-Yao Ko , Katsuyuki Suzuki , Kazuo Yonekura

Bayesian model-based reinforcement learning is a formally elegant approach to learning optimal behaviour under model uncertainty, trading off exploration and exploitation in an ideal way. Unfortunately, finding the resulting Bayes-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Arthur Guez , David Silver , Peter Dayan

Reinforcement learning (RL) in episodic, factored Markov decision processes (FMDPs) is studied. We propose an algorithm called FMDP-BF, which leverages the factorization structure of FMDP. The regret of FMDP-BF is shown to be exponentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Xiaoyu Chen , Jiachen Hu , Lihong Li , Liwei Wang

This paper introduces the Constrained Monte Carlo Tree Search (CMCTS) framework to enhance the mathematical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM). By incorporating a constrained action space, Process Reward Model (PRM), and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Qingwen Lin , Boyan Xu , Guimin Hu , Zijian Li , Zhifeng Hao , Keli Zhang , Ruichu Cai

Count-based exploration algorithms are known to perform near-optimally when used in conjunction with tabular reinforcement learning (RL) methods for solving small discrete Markov decision processes (MDPs). It is generally thought that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-06 Haoran Tang , Rein Houthooft , Davis Foote , Adam Stooke , Xi Chen , Yan Duan , John Schulman , Filip De Turck , Pieter Abbeel
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