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We consider random binary trees that appear as the output of certain standard algorithms for sorting and searching if the input is random. We introduce the subtree size metric on search trees and show that the resulting metric spaces…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-05-06 Rudolf Grübel

Traditional tree search algorithms supply a blueprint for modeling problem solving behaviour. A diverse spectrum of problems can be formulated in terms of tree search. Quantum computation, in particular Grover's algorithm, has aroused a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-09 Luís Tarrataca , Andreas Wichert

Recent retrieval-augmented models enhance basic methods by building a hierarchical structure over retrieved text chunks through recursive embedding, clustering, and summarization. The most relevant information is then retrieved from both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Charbel Chucri , Rami Azouz , Joachim Ott

Binomial trees are widely used in the financial sector for valuing securities with early exercise characteristics, such as American stock options. However, while effective in many scenarios, pricing options with CRR binomial trees are…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-28 Yury Lebedev , Arunava Banerjee

We describe, analyze, and evaluate experimentally a new probabilistic model for word-sequence prediction in natural language based on prediction suffix trees (PSTs). By using efficient data structures, we extend the notion of PST to…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Fernando C. N. Pereira , Yoram Singer , Naftali Tishby

Search is a central problem in artificial intelligence, and breadth-first search (BFS) and depth-first search (DFS) are the two most fundamental ways to search. In this paper we derive estimates for average BFS and DFS runtime. The average…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Tom Everitt , Marcus Hutter

The dynamic optimality conjecture, postulating the existence of an $O(1)$-competitive online algorithm for binary search trees (BSTs), is among the most fundamental open problems in dynamic data structures. Despite extensive work and some…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Parinya Chalermsook , Julia Chuzhoy , Thatchaphol Saranurak

The Hierarchical Memory Model (HMM) of computation is similar to the standard Random Access Machine (RAM) model except that the HMM has a non-uniform memory organized in a hierarchy of levels numbered 1 through h. The cost of accessing a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2008-04-08 Shripad Thite

This extended abstract reports on on-going research on quantum algorithmic approaches to the problem of generalised tree search that may exhibit effective quantum speedup, even in the presence of non-constant branching factors. Two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-26 Andre Sequeira , Luis Paulo Santos , Luis Soares Barbosa

Probability generating functionals (PGFLs) are efficient and powerful tools for tracking independent objects in clutter. It was shown that PGFLs could be used for the elegant derivation of practical multi-object tracking algorithms, e.g.,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-24 Jan Krejčí , Ondřej Straka , Petr Girg , Jiří Benedikt

Data mining techniques have been widely used in various applications. Binary search tree based frequent items is an effective method for automatically recognize the most frequent items, least frequent items and average frequent items. This…

Databases · Computer Science 2013-07-30 P Vasanth Sena

Tree shape statistics quantify some aspect of the shape of a phylogenetic tree. They are commonly used to compare reconstructed trees to evolutionary models and to find evidence of tree reconstruction bias. Historically, to find a useful…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Frederick A. Matsen

In recent works on the theory of machine learning, it has been observed that heavy tail properties of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) can be studied in the probabilistic framework of stochastic recursions. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-22 Ewa Damek , Sebastian Mentemeier

Tree search is a fundamental tool for planning, as many sequential decision-making problems can be framed as searching over tree-structured spaces. We propose an uncertainty-guided tree search algorithm for settings where the reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Julia Grosse , Ruotian Wu , Ahmad Rashid , Cheng Zhang , Philipp Hennig , Pascal Poupart , Agustinus Kristiadi

We develop a purely set-theoretic formalism for binary trees and binary graphs. We define a category of binary automata, and display it as a fibred category over the category of binary graphs. We also relate the notion of binary graphs to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 N. Raghavendra

Trees or rooted trees have been generously studied in the literature. A forest is a set of trees or rooted trees. Here we give recurrence relations between the number of some kind of rooted forest with $k$ roots and that with $k+1$ roots on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-08 Song Guo , Victor J. W. Guo

The paper presents the first \emph{concurrency-optimal} implementation of a binary search tree (BST). The implementation, based on a standard sequential implementation of an internal tree, ensures that every \emph{schedule} is accepted,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Vitaly Aksenov , Vincent Gramoli , Petr Kuznetsov , Anna Malova , Srivatsan Ravi

Despite their important role in online information search, search query suggestions have not been researched as much as most other aspects of search engines. Although reasons for this are multi-faceted, the sparseness of context and the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Fabian Haak , Philipp Schaer

Working with generating functions, the combinatorics of a recurrence relation can be expressed in a way that allows for more efficient calculation of the quantity. This is true of the Catalan numbers for an ordered binary tree…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-05 David Serena , William J Buchanan

This work considers the problem of learning the structure of multivariate linear tree models, which include a variety of directed tree graphical models with continuous, discrete, and mixed latent variables such as linear-Gaussian models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Animashree Anandkumar , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Daniel Hsu , Sham M. Kakade , Le Song , Tong Zhang