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Qualitative relationships illustrate how changing one property (e.g., moving velocity) affects another (e.g., kinetic energy) and constitutes a considerable portion of textual knowledge. Current approaches use either semantic parsers to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Mucheng Ren , Heyan Huang , Yang Gao

Despite the ubiquity of communicative visualizations, specifying communicative intent during design is ad hoc. Whether we are selecting from a set of visualizations, commissioning someone to produce them, or creating them ourselves, an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Elsie Lee-Robbins , Shiqing He , Eytan Adar

Current annotation agreement metrics are not well-suited for inter-group analysis, are sensitive to group size imbalances and restricted to single-annotation settings. These restrictions render them insufficient for many subjective tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Dimitris Tsirmpas , John Pavlopoulos

Recent studies introduced effective compression techniques for Large Language Models (LLMs) via post-training quantization or low-bit weight representation. Although quantized weights offer storage efficiency and allow for faster inference,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Irina Proskurina , Luc Brun , Guillaume Metzler , Julien Velcin

We present a novel feature attribution method for explaining text classifiers, and analyze it in the context of hate speech detection. Although feature attribution models usually provide a single importance score for each token, we instead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Esma Balkir , Isar Nejadgholi , Kathleen C. Fraser , Svetlana Kiritchenko

Data availability and quality are major challenges in natural language processing for low-resourced languages. In particular, there is significantly less data available than for higher-resourced languages. This data is also often of low…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Manuel Fokam , Michael Beukman

The growing scale of large language models (LLMs) not only demands extensive computational resources but also raises environmental concerns due to their increasing carbon footprint. Model quantization emerges as an effective approach that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Saima Afrin , Bowen Xu , Antonio Mastropaolo

The impressive performance of recent language models across a wide range of tasks suggests that they possess a degree of abstract reasoning skills. Are these skills general and transferable, or specialized to specific tasks seen during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Zhaofeng Wu , Linlu Qiu , Alexis Ross , Ekin Akyürek , Boyuan Chen , Bailin Wang , Najoung Kim , Jacob Andreas , Yoon Kim

Generalized quantifiers (e.g., few, most) are used to indicate the proportions predicates are satisfied (for example, some apples are red). One way to interpret quantifier semantics is to explicitly bind these satisfactions with percentage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Yiyuan Li , Rakesh R. Menon , Sayan Ghosh , Shashank Srivastava

Refactoring is the process of improving the design of existing code by changing its internal structure without affecting its external behaviour, with the main aims of improving the quality of software product. Therefore, there is a belief…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-02-13 S. H. Kannangara , W. M. J. I. Wijayanayake

With the success of contextualized language models, much research explores what these models really learn and in which cases they still fail. Most of this work focuses on specific NLP tasks and on the learning outcome. Little research has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Aikaterini-Lida Kalouli , Rita Sevastjanova , Christin Beck , Maribel Romero

There has been recently a growing interest in studying adversarial examples on natural language models in the black-box setting. These methods attack natural language classifiers by perturbing certain important words until the classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Mahmoud Hossam , Trung Le , He Zhao , Viet Huynh , Dinh Phung

Do question answering (QA) modeling improvements (e.g., choice of architecture and training procedure) hold consistently across the diverse landscape of QA benchmarks? To study this question, we introduce the notion of concurrence -- two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Nelson F. Liu , Tony Lee , Robin Jia , Percy Liang

High-quality requirements minimize the risk of propagating defects to later stages of the software development life cycle. Achieving a sufficient level of quality is a major goal of requirements engineering. This requires a clear definition…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Julian Frattini , Lloyd Montgomery , Jannik Fischbach , Daniel Mendez , Davide Fucci , Michael Unterkalmsteiner

Classifiers are often tested on relatively small data sets, which should lead to uncertain performance metrics. Nevertheless, these metrics are usually taken at face value. We present an approach to quantify the uncertainty of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-05 Niklas Tötsch , Daniel Hoffmann

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the readability and understandability of bitwise operators in programming, with the main hypothesis that there will be a difference in the performance metrics (response time and error rate) between…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shubham Joshi

When training data are collected from human annotators, the design of the annotation instrument, the instructions given to annotators, the characteristics of the annotators, and their interactions can impact training data. This study…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-23 Christoph Kern , Stephanie Eckman , Jacob Beck , Rob Chew , Bolei Ma , Frauke Kreuter

Background: Requirements Engineering is crucial for project success, and to this end, many measures for quality assurance of the software requirements specification (SRS) have been proposed. Goal: However, we still need an empirical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Jakob Mund , Henning Femmer , Daniel Méndez Fernández , Jonas Eckhardt

We commonly use agreement measures to assess the utility of judgements made by human annotators in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. While inter-annotator agreement is frequently used as an indication of label reliability by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Gavin Abercrombie , Tanvi Dinkar , Amanda Cercas Curry , Verena Rieser , Dirk Hovy

Compositionality in language refers to how much the meaning of some phrase can be decomposed into the meaning of its constituents and the way these constituents are combined. Based on the premise that substitution by synonyms is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Christina Lioma , Niels Dalum Hansen