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We construct and analyze a neural network two-sample test to determine whether two datasets came from the same distribution (null hypothesis) or not (alternative hypothesis). We perform time-analysis on a neural tangent kernel (NTK)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-11 Varun Khurana , Xiuyuan Cheng , Alexander Cloninger

Previous influential work showed that infinite width limits of neural networks in the lazy training regime are described by kernel machines. Here, we show that neural networks trained in the rich, feature learning infinite-width regime in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Clarissa Lauditi , Blake Bordelon , Cengiz Pehlevan

Unlabeled data is a key component of modern machine learning. In general, the role of unlabeled data is to impose a form of smoothness, usually from the similarity information encoded in a base kernel, such as the $\epsilon$-neighbor kernel…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-02 Runtian Zhai , Rattana Pukdee , Roger Jin , Maria-Florina Balcan , Pradeep Ravikumar

We propose a greedy strategy to spectrally train a deep network for multi-class classification. Each layer is defined as a composition of linear weights with the feature map of a Gaussian kernel acting as the activation function. At each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Chieh Wu , Aria Masoomi , Arthur Gretton , Jennifer Dy

As modern machine learning models continue to advance the computational frontier, it has become increasingly important to develop precise estimates for expected performance improvements under different model and data scaling regimes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Lechao Xiao , Hong Hu , Theodor Misiakiewicz , Yue M. Lu , Jeffrey Pennington

Past decades have witnessed a great interest in the distinction and connection between neural network learning and kernel learning. Recent advancements have made theoretical progress in connecting infinite-wide neural networks and Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Shao-Qun Zhang , Zong-Yi Chen , Yong-Ming Tian , Xun Lu

The ability of learning useful features is one of the major advantages of neural networks. Although recent works show that neural network can operate in a neural tangent kernel (NTK) regime that does not allow feature learning, many works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Mo Zhou , Rong Ge

As deep neural networks (DNNs) achieve tremendous success across many application domains, researchers tried to explore in many aspects on why they generalize well. In this paper, we provide a novel perspective on these issues using the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Jinlong Liu , Guoqing Jiang , Yunzhi Bai , Ting Chen , Huayan Wang

Hybrid optical neural networks (HONNs) offload some electronic computation to optical preprocessors to achieve low-power and fast training and inference phases in machine learning tasks. Our contribution to the development of HONNs is a…

Optics · Physics 2025-10-07 Altai Perry , Luat Vuong

Any applied mathematical model contains parameters. The paper proposes to use kernel learning for the parametric analysis of the model. The approach consists in setting a distribution on the parameter space, obtaining a finite training…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-27 Vladimir Norkin , Alois Pichler

In this article, we introduce a kernel-based consensual aggregation method for regression problems. We aim to flexibly combine individual regression estimators $r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_M$ using a weighted average where the weights are defined…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-29 Sothea Has

Recent research shows that for training with $\ell_2$ loss, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) whose width (number of channels in convolutional layers) goes to infinity correspond to regression with respect to the CNN Gaussian Process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Zhiyuan Li , Ruosong Wang , Dingli Yu , Simon S. Du , Wei Hu , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Sanjeev Arora

We develop a theory of transfer learning in infinitely wide neural networks under gradient flow that quantifies when pretraining on a source task improves generalization on a target task. We analyze both (i) fine-tuning, when the downstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Clarissa Lauditi , Blake Bordelon , Cengiz Pehlevan

The underlying mechanism of neural networks in capturing precise knowledge has been the subject of consistent research efforts. In this work, we propose a theoretical approach based on Neural Tangent Kernels (NTKs) to investigate such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Xiaobing Sun , Jiaxi Li , Wei Lu

We perform a careful, thorough, and large scale empirical study of the correspondence between wide neural networks and kernel methods. By doing so, we resolve a variety of open questions related to the study of infinitely wide neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Jaehoon Lee , Samuel S. Schoenholz , Jeffrey Pennington , Ben Adlam , Lechao Xiao , Roman Novak , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Recent work has shown that training wide neural networks with gradient descent is formally equivalent to computing the mean of the posterior distribution in a Gaussian Process (GP) with the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) as the prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Sergio Calvo-Ordoñez , Konstantina Palla , Kamil Ciosek

We study the optimization of wide neural networks (NNs) via gradient flow (GF) in setups that allow feature learning while admitting non-asymptotic global convergence guarantees. First, for wide shallow NNs under the mean-field scaling and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Zhengdao Chen , Eric Vanden-Eijnden , Joan Bruna

As its width tends to infinity, a deep neural network's behavior under gradient descent can become simplified and predictable (e.g. given by the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK)), if it is parametrized appropriately (e.g. the NTK…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Greg Yang , Edward J. Hu

The goal of this work is to shed light on the remarkable phenomenon of transition to linearity of certain neural networks as their width approaches infinity. We show that the transition to linearity of the model and, equivalently, constancy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Chaoyue Liu , Libin Zhu , Mikhail Belkin

State-of-the-art neural networks are heavily over-parameterized, making the optimization algorithm a crucial ingredient for learning predictive models with good generalization properties. A recent line of work has shown that in a certain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-01 Alberto Bietti , Julien Mairal