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Online A/B testing plays a critical role in the high-tech industry to guide product development and accelerate innovation. It performs a null hypothesis statistical test to determine which variant is better. However, a typical A/B test…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-03 Miao Yu , Wenbin Lu , Rui Song

In modern recommendation systems, the standard pipeline involves training machine learning models on historical data to predict user behaviors and improve recommendations continuously. However, these data training loops can introduce…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-08 Nian Si

Technology firms conduct randomized controlled experiments ("A/B tests") to learn which actions to take to improve business outcomes. In firms with mature experimentation platforms, experimentation programs can consist of many thousands of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-30 Winston Chou , Colin Gray , Nathan Kallus , Aurélien Bibaut , Simon Ejdemyr

Estimating the effects of long-term treatments through A/B testing is challenging. Treatments, such as updates to product functionalities, user interface designs, and recommendation algorithms, are intended to persist within the system for…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-30 Shan Huang , Chen Wang , Yuan Yuan , Jinglong Zhao , Brocco , Zhang

A/B testing is an important decision making tool in product development because can provide an accurate estimate of the average treatment effect of a new features, which allows developers to understand how the business impact of new changes…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-22 Guillaume Saint-Jacques , James Eric Sorenson , Nanyu Chen , Ya Xu

Context: Continuous experimentation and A/B testing is an established industry practice that has been researched for more than 10 years. Our aim is to synthesize the conducted research. Objective: We wanted to find the core constituents of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Florian Auer , Rasmus Ros , Lukas Kaltenbrunner , Per Runeson , Michael Felderer

Empirical design in reinforcement learning is no small task. Running good experiments requires attention to detail and at times significant computational resources. While compute resources available per dollar have continued to grow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Andrew Patterson , Samuel Neumann , Martha White , Adam White

A/B testing methodology is generally performed by private companies to increase user engagement and satisfaction about online features. Their usage is far from being transparent and may undermine user autonomy (e.g. polarizing individual…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Matteo Ottaviani , Stefan M. Herzog , Pietro Leonardo Nickl , Philipp Lorenz-Spreen

As a subfield of machine learning, reinforcement learning (RL) aims at empowering one's capabilities in behavioural decision making by using interaction experience with the world and an evaluative feedback. Unlike traditional supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Chao Yu , Jiming Liu , Shamim Nemati

Randomized experiments (A/B testings) have become the standard way for web-facing companies to guide innovation, evaluate new products, and prioritize ideas. There are times, however, when running an experiment is too complicated (e.g., we…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-20 Iavor Bojinov , Ye Tu , Min Liu , Ya Xu

A/B testing is ubiquitous within the machine learning and data science operations of internet companies. Generically, the idea is to perform a statistical test of the hypothesis that a new feature is better than the existing platform---for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-11 David Goldberg , James E. Johndrow

As a key component to intuitive cognition and reasoning solutions in human intelligence, causal knowledge provides great potential for reinforcement learning (RL) agents' interpretability towards decision-making by helping reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ruichu Cai , Siyang Huang , Jie Qiao , Wei Chen , Yan Zeng , Keli Zhang , Fuchun Sun , Yang Yu , Zhifeng Hao

Online advertisements have become one of today's most widely used tools for enhancing businesses partly because of their compatibility with A/B testing. A/B testing allows sellers to find effective advertisement strategies such as ad…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Akira Matsui , Daisuke Moriwaki

Utilizing randomized experiments to evaluate the effect of short-term treatments on the short-term outcomes has been well understood and become the golden standard in industrial practice. However, as service systems become increasingly…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-10 Shuze Chen , David Simchi-Levi , Chonghuan Wang

A/B testing experiment is a widely adopted method for evaluating UI/UX design decisions in modern web applications. Yet, traditional A/B testing remains constrained by its dependence on the large-scale and live traffic of human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Yuxuan Lu , Ting-Yao Hsu , Hansu Gu , Limeng Cui , Yaochen Xie , William Headden , Bingsheng Yao , Akash Veeragouni , Jiapeng Liu , Sreyashi Nag , Jessie Wang , Dakuo Wang

We have seen a massive growth of online experiments at LinkedIn, and in industry at large. It is now more important than ever to create an intelligent A/B platform that can truly democratize A/B testing by allowing everyone to make quality…

Applications · Statistics 2018-08-02 Nanyu Chen , Min Liu , Ya Xu

The standard A/B testing approaches are mostly based on t-test in large scale industry applications. These standard approaches however suffers from low statistical power in business settings, due to nature of small sample-size or…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-30 Changshuai Wei , Phuc Nguyen , Benjamin Zelditch , Joyce Chen

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) requires the collection of interventional data, which is sometimes expensive and even unethical in the real world, such as in the autonomous driving and the medical field. Offline reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Wenxuan Zhu , Chao Yu , Qiang Zhang

Controlled experiments (A/B tests or randomized field experiments) are the de facto standard to make data-driven decisions when implementing changes and observing customer responses. The methodology to analyze such experiments should be…

Applications · Statistics 2020-03-06 Shafi Kamalbasha , Manuel J. A. Eugster

Recent years, the database committee has attempted to develop automatic database management systems. Although some researches show that the applying AI to data management is a significant and promising direction, there still exists many…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Yu Yan , Hongzhi Wang , Jian Ma , Jian Geng , Yuzhuo Wang