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Exchanging gradients is a widely used method in modern multi-node machine learning system (e.g., distributed training, collaborative learning). For a long time, people believed that gradients are safe to share: i.e., the training data will…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Ligeng Zhu , Zhijian Liu , Song Han

Steganography is an information hiding technique in which secret data are secured by covering them into a computer carrier file without damaging the file or changing its size. The difference between steganography and cryptography is that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-12-27 Youssef Bassil

Quantum cryptography promises security based on the laws of physics with proofs of security against attackers of unlimited computational power. However, deviations from the original assumptions allow quantum hackers to compromise the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Juan Carlos Garcia-Escartin , Shihan Sajeed , Vadim Makarov

Network steganography and covert communication channels have been studied extensively in the past. However, prior works offer minimal practical use for their proposed techniques and are limited to specific use cases and network protocols.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sirus Shahini , Robert Ricci

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm that can tremendously revolutionize health care thus benefiting both hospitals, doctors and patients. In this context, protecting the IoT in health care against interference, including service…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Rym Zrelli , Moez Yeddes , Nejib Ben Hadj-Alouane

A previously unknown form of compromising emanations has been discovered. LED status indicators on data communication equipment, under certain conditions, are shown to carry a modulated optical signal that is significantly correlated with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Joe Loughry , David A. Umphress

The security of computers is at risk because of information leaking through physical outputs such as power, temperature, or electromagnetic (EM) emissions. Attackers can use advanced signal measurement and analysis to recover sensitive data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Raghavendra Pradyumna Pothukuchi , Sweta Yamini Pothukuchi , Petros Voulgaris , Alexander Schwing , Josep Torrellas

Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized disclosure is a major concern of every organization. As an organizations employees need to access such information in order to carry out their daily work, data leakage detection is both an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-02-11 Yuri Shapira , Bracha Shapira , Asaf Shabtai

Computer network is unpredictable due to information warfare and is prone to various attacks. Such attacks on network compromise the most important attribute, the privacy. Most of such attacks are devised using special communication channel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-01-04 Anjan K , Jibi Abraham , Mamatha Jadhav

Information is the most critical asset of modern organizations, and accordingly coveted by adversaries. When highly sensitive data is involved, an organization may resort to air-gap isolation, in which there is no networking connection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-11-04 Mordechai Guri , Gabi Kedma , Assaf Kachlon , Yuval Elovici

We present a new hardware-agnostic side-channel attack that targets one of the most fundamental software caches in modern computer systems: the operating system page cache. The page cache is a pure software cache that contains all…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Daniel Gruss , Erik Kraft , Trishita Tiwari , Michael Schwarz , Ari Trachtenberg , Jason Hennessey , Alex Ionescu , Anders Fogh

In this paper we show how two (or more) airgapped computers in the same room, equipped with passive speakers, headphones, or earphones can covertly exchange data via ultrasonic waves. Microphones are not required. Our method is based on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-03-19 Mordechai Guri , Yosef Solewicz , Andrey Daidakulov , Yuval Elovici

Gradient leakage has been identified as a potential source of privacy breaches in modern image processing systems, where the adversary can completely reconstruct the training images from leaked gradients. However, existing methods are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jiayang Meng , Tao Huang , Hong Chen , Cuiping Li

Covert channel attacks represent a significant threat to system security, leveraging shared resources to clandestinely transmit information from highly secure systems, thereby violating the system's security policies. These attacks exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Shariful Alam , Jidong Xiao , Nasir U. Eisty

Recent years have seen a surge in the number of data leaks despite aggressive information-containment measures deployed by cloud providers. When attackers acquire sensitive data in a secure cloud environment, covert communication channels…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Dmitrii Ustiugov , Plamen Petrov , M. R. Siavash Katebzadeh , Boris Grot

Passive operating system fingerprinting reveals valuable information to the defenders of heterogeneous private networks; at the same time, attackers can use fingerprinting to reconnoiter networks, so defenders need obfuscation techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-27 Blake Anderson , David McGrew

Recent discovery of security attacks in advanced processors, known as Spectre and Meltdown, has resulted in high public alertness about security of hardware. The root cause of these attacks is information leakage across "covert channels"…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-13 Mohammad Rahmani Fadiheh , Dominik Stoffel , Clark Barrett , Subhasish Mitra , Wolfgang Kunz

Data protection methods like cryptography, despite being effective, inadvertently signal the presence of secret communication, thereby drawing undue attention. Here, we introduce an optical information hiding camera integrated with an…

Optics · Physics 2024-06-13 Bijie Bai , Ryan Lee , Yuhang Li , Tianyi Gan , Yuntian Wang , Mona Jarrahi , Aydogan Ozcan

Transient execution attacks utilize micro-architectural covert channels to leak secrets that should not have been accessible during logical program execution. Commonly used micro-architectural covert channels are those that leave lasting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Jacob Fustos , Michael Bechtel , Heechul Yun

Air-gapped systems are considered highly secure against data leaks due to their physical isolation from external networks. Despite this protection, ultrasonic communication has been demonstrated as an effective method for exfiltrating data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Mordechai Guri