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The ability to identify authors of computer programs based on their coding style is a direct threat to the privacy and anonymity of programmers. While recent work found that source code can be attributed to authors with high accuracy,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Aylin Caliskan , Fabian Yamaguchi , Edwin Dauber , Richard Harang , Konrad Rieck , Rachel Greenstadt , Arvind Narayanan

The study of Code Stylometry, and in particular Code Authorship Attribution (CAA), aims to analyze coding styles to identify the authors of code samples. CAA is crucial in cybersecurity and software forensics for addressing, detecting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Atish Kumar Dipongkor , Ziyu Yao , Kevin Moran

Despite the approaches proposed so far, software plagiarism is still a problem which has not been solved entirely yet. The approach introduced throughout this paper is about a source code anti-plagiarism technique which aims at rendering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Fabrizio d'Amore , Lorenzo Zarfati

Generative models are now capable of synthesizing images, speeches, and videos that are hardly distinguishable from authentic contents. Such capabilities cause concerns such as malicious impersonation and IP theft. This paper investigates a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Yongbaek Cho , Changhoon Kim , Yezhou Yang , Yi Ren

Academic publications have been evaluated in terms of their impact on research communities based on many metrics, such as the number of citations. On the other hand, the impact of academic publications on industry has been rarely studied.…

As an integral part of source code files, code comments help improve program readability and comprehension. However, developers sometimes do not comment on their program code adequately due to the incurred extra efforts, lack of relevant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Xiaotao Song , Hailong Sun , Xu Wang , Jiafei Yan

Authorship attribution aims to identify the origin or author of a document. Traditional approaches have heavily relied on manual features and fail to capture long-range correlations, limiting their effectiveness. Recent advancements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zhengmian Hu , Tong Zheng , Heng Huang

In practice, training language models for individual authors is often expensive because of limited data resources. In such cases, Neural Network Language Models (NNLMs), generally outperform the traditional non-parametric N-gram models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Zhenhao Ge , Yufang Sun , Mark J. T. Smith

Authorship attribution has become increasingly accurate, posing a serious privacy risk for programmers who wish to remain anonymous. In this paper, we introduce SHIELD to examine the robustness of different code authorship attribution…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Mohammed Abuhamad , Changhun Jung , David Mohaisen , DaeHun Nyang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have reached human-like fluency and coherence, distinguishing machine-generated text (MGT) from human-written content becomes increasingly difficult. While early efforts in MGT detection have focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Lucio La Cava , Dominik Macko , Róbert Móro , Ivan Srba , Andrea Tagarelli

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed modern software development by enabling automated code generation at scale. While these systems improve productivity, they introduce new challenges for software governance,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jiaxun Guo , Ziyuan Yang , Mengyu Sun , Hui Wang , Jingfeng Lu , Yi Zhang

Code search and comprehension have become more difficult in recent years due to the rapid expansion of available source code. Current tools lack a way to label arbitrary code at scale while maintaining up-to-date representations of new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Ben Gelman , Bryan Hoyle , Jessica Moore , Joshua Saxe , David Slater

Authorship Identification techniques are used to identify the most appropriate author from group of potential suspects of online messages and find evidences to support the conclusion. Cybercriminals make misuse of online communication for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-02-20 Smita Nirkhi , R. V. Dharaskar

Background: During software maintenance and development, the comprehension of program code is key to success. High-quality comments can help us better understand programs, but they're often missing or outmoded in today's programs. Automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Yuxiang Zhu , Minxue Pan

Authorship verification is the task of determining if two distinct writing samples share the same author and is typically concerned with the attribution of written text. In this paper, we explore the attribution of transcribed speech, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Cristina Aggazzotti , Nicholas Andrews , Elizabeth Allyn Smith

Code authorship is a key information in large-scale open source systems. Among others, it allows maintainers to assess division of work and identify key collaborators. Interestingly, open-source communities lack guidelines on how to manage…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Guilherme Avelino , Leonardo Passos , Andre Hora , Marco Tulio Valente

A growing fraction of all code is sampled from Large Language Models (LLMs). We investigate the problem of attributing code generated by language models using hypothesis testing to leverage established techniques and guarantees. Given a set…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Clément L. Canonne , Yash Pote , Uddalok Sarkar

Writing style is a combination of consistent decisions associated with a specific author at different levels of language production, including lexical, syntactic, and structural. In this paper, we introduce a style-aware neural model to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Fereshteh Jafariakinabad , Kien A. Hua

Software development has become essential to scientific research, but its relationship to traditional metrics of scholarly credit remains poorly understood. We develop a dataset of approximately 140,000 paired research articles and code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Eva Maxfield Brown , Isaac Slaughter , Nicholas Weber

Forensic scientists often need to identify an unknown speaker or writer in cases such as ransom calls, covert recordings, alleged suicide notes, or anonymous online communications, among many others. Speaker recognition in the speech domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Cristina Aggazzotti , Elizabeth Allyn Smith