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Given a set $X$ of $n$ binary words of equal length $w$, the 3XOR problem asks for three elements $a, b, c \in X$ such that $a \oplus b=c$, where $ \oplus$ denotes the bitwise XOR operation. The problem can be easily solved on a word RAM…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Martin Dietzfelbinger , Philipp Schlag , Stefan Walzer

In the Horn theory based approach for cryptographic protocol analysis, cryptographic protocols and (Dolev-Yao) intruders are modeled by Horn theories and security analysis boils down to solving the derivation problem for Horn theories. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2008-08-06 Ralf Kuesters , Tomasz Truderung

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) is a propositional logic problem of determining whether an assignment of variables satisfies a Boolean formula. Many combinatorial optimization problems can be formulated in Boolean SAT logic -- either as k-SAT…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-12 Robert Simon Fong , Yanming Song , Alexander Yosifov

A Pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraint is a linear inequality constraint over Boolean literals. One of the popular, efficient ideas used to solve PB-problems (a set of PB-constraints) is to translate them to SAT instances (encodings) via, for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Michał Karpiński , Marek Piotrów

Existing methods provide varying algorithms for different types of Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT), lacking a general solution framework. Accordingly, this study proposes a unified framework DCSAT based on integer programming and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Anqi Li , Congying Han , Tiande Guo , Haoran Li , Bonan Li

Although state-of-the-art (SOTA) SAT solvers based on conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) have achieved remarkable engineering success, their sequential nature limits the parallelism that may be extracted for acceleration on platforms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Yunuo Cen , Zhiwei Zhang , Xuanyao Fong

We consider the power of local algorithms for approximately solving Max $k$XOR, a generalization of two constraint satisfaction problems previously studied with classical and quantum algorithms (MaxCut and Max E3LIN2). In Max $k$XOR each…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Kunal Marwaha , Stuart Hadfield

We study the representation of systems S of linear equations over the two-element field (aka xor- or parity-constraints) via conjunctive normal forms F (boolean clause-sets). First we consider the problem of finding an "arc-consistent"…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-06-24 Matthew Gwynne , Oliver Kullmann

Integrating logical reasoning within deep learning architectures has been a major goal of modern AI systems. In this paper, we propose a new direction toward this goal by introducing a differentiable (smoothed) maximum satisfiability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Po-Wei Wang , Priya L. Donti , Bryan Wilder , Zico Kolter

A novel parallel algorithm for solving the classical Decision Boolean Satisfiability problem with clauses in conjunctive normal form is depicted. My approach for solving SAT is without using algebra or other computational search strategies…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Carlos Barrón-Romero

The difficulty of factoring large integers into primes is the basis for cryptosystems such as RSA. Due to the widespread popularity of RSA, there have been many proposed attacks on the factorization problem such as side-channel attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Yameen Ajani , Curtis Bright

The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is of central importance in both theory and practice. Yet, most provable guarantees for quantum algorithms rely exclusively on Grover-type methods that cap the possible advantage at only quadratic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Franz J. Schreiber , Maximilian J. Kramer , Alexander Nietner , Jens Eisert

Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) is an optimization variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem. In general, MaxSAT algorithms perform a succession of SAT solver calls to reach an optimum solution making extensive use of cardinality…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-08-21 Ruben Martins , Saurabh Joshi , Vasco Manquinho , Ines Lynce

Generating diverse solutions to the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) is a hard computational problem with practical applications for testing and functional verification of software and hardware designs. We explore the way to generate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Karlis Freivalds , Sergejs Kozlovics

PolySAT is a word-level decision procedure supporting bit-precise SMT reasoning over polynomial arithmetic with large bit-vector operations. The PolySAT calculus extends conflict-driven clause learning modulo theories with two key…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Jakob Rath , Clemens Eisenhofer , Daniela Kaufmann , Nikolaj Bjørner , Laura Kovács

The assumed computationally difficulty of factoring large integers forms the basis of security for RSA public-key cryptography, which specifically relies on products of two large primes or semi-primes. The best-known factoring algorithms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Michele Mosca , Sebastian R. Verschoor

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem is of fundamental importance in computer science and many application domains. For Grover's algorithm, solving the SAT problem requires $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{2^n})$ queries--where n denotes the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 He Wang , Jinyang Yao

The IC3 algorithm, also known as PDR, is a SAT-based model checking algorithm that has significantly influenced the field in recent years due to its efficiency, scalability, and completeness. It utilizes SAT solvers to solve a series of SAT…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yuheng Su , Qiusong Yang , Yiwei Ci , Yingcheng Li , Tianjun Bu , Ziyu Huang

The practical implementation of quantum optimization algorithms on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices requires accounting for their limited connectivity. As such, the Parity architecture was introduced to overcome this limitation by…

In computational complexity theory, a decision problem is NP-complete when it is both in NP and NP-hard. Although a solution to a NP-complete can be verified quickly, there is no known algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. There exists…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Wenxia Guo , Jin Wang , Majun He , Xiaoqin Ren , Wenhong Tian , Qingxian Wang