Related papers: The QCD phase diagram and statistics friendly dist…

Proton cumulants from hydrodynamics in light of new STAR data

New measurements of proton number cumulants from the Beam Energy Scan Phase II (BES-II) program at RHIC by the STAR Collaboration provide unprecedented precision and insights into the properties of strongly interacting matter. This report…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-04-03 Volodymyr Vovchenko , Volker Koch

Large proton cumulants from the superposition of ordinary multiplicity distributions

We construct a multiplicity distribution characterized by large factorial cumulants (integrated correlation functions) from a simple combination of two ordinary multiplicity distributions characterized by small factorial cumulants. We find…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-11-21 Adam Bzdak , Volker Koch , Dmytro Oliinychenko , Jan Steinheimer

Measurement of Fifth- and Sixth-Order Fluctuations of (Net-)proton Number in Au+Au Collisions from Phase II of the Beam Energy Scan Program at RHIC

We report high-statistics measurements of fifth- and sixth-order factorial cumulants and cumulant ratios of (net-)proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7$--27 GeV, using data from the STAR experiment…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-12-23 The STAR Collaboration

Mapping the QCD phase diagram with statistics friendly distributions

We demonstrate that the multiplicity distribution of a system located in the vicinity of a first-order phase transition can be successfully measured in terms of its factorial cumulants with a surprisingly small number of events. This…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-11-20 Adam Bzdak , Volker Koch

Probing the nature of the QCD phase transition with higher-order net-proton number fluctuation and local parton density fluctuation measurements at RHIC-STAR

The moments of proton and net-proton multiplicity distributions are observables expected to be sensitive to the QCD critical point and the nature of the QCD phase transition from QGP to hadron gas. Hyper-order cumulants are measured in wide…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2024-06-03 Dylan Neff

Higher-Order Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Proton Multiplicity Distributions in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at the RHIC STAR Experiment

We report a measurement of cumulants and correlation functions of event-by-event proton multiplicity distributions from fixed-target Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV measured by the STAR experiment. Protons are identified…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2023-02-24 STAR Collaboration , M. S. Abdallah , B. E. Aboona , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , D. M. Anderson , E. C. Aschenauer , J. Atchison , V. Bairathi , W. Baker , J. G. Ball Cap , K. Barish , R. Bellwied , P. Bhagat , A. Bhasin , S. Bhatta , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , J. D. Brandenburg , X. Z. Cai , H. Caines , M. Calderón~de~la~Barca~Sánchez , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , B. K. Chan , Z. Chang , A. Chatterjee , D. Chen , J. Chen , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , Y. Cheng , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , M. Csanád , M. Daugherity , I. M. Deppner , A. Dhamija , L. Di Carlo , L. Didenko , P. Dixit , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , E. Duckworth , J. C. Dunlop , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , A. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , F. M. Fawzi , S. Fazio , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , A. Francisco , C. Fu , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , N. Ghimire , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , X. Gou , D. Grosnick , A. Gupta , W. Guryn , A. Hamed , Y. Han , S. Harabasz , M. D. Harasty , J. W. Harris , H. Harrison , S. He , W. He , X. H. He , Y. He , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , E. Hoffman , L. Holub , C. Hu , Q. Hu , Y. Hu , H. Huang , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , Y. Huang , T. J. Humanic , D. Isenhower , M. Isshiki , W. W. Jacobs , C. Jena , A. Jentsch , Y. Ji , J. Jia , K. Jiang , C. Jin , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , M. L. Kabir , S. Kagamaster , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , M. Kelsey , Y. V. Khyzhniak , D. P. Kikoła , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , I. Kisel , A. Kiselev , A. G. Knospe , H. S. Ko , L. K. Kosarzewski , L. Kramarik , L. Kumar , S. Kumar , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , S. Lan , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , N. Lewis , C. Li , C. Li , W. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , Y. Li , Z. Li , X. Liang , Y. Liang , R. Licenik , T. Lin , Y. Lin , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , H. Liu , H. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , R. S. Longacre , E. Loyd , T. Lu , N. S. Lukow , X. F. Luo , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , J. A. Mazer , G. McNamara , S. Mioduszewski , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , A. Mukherjee , M. I. Nagy , A. S. Nain , J. D. Nam , Md. Nasim , K. Nayak , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , T. Niida , R. Nishitani , T. Nonaka , A. S. Nunes , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , K. Okubo , B. S. Page , R. Pak , J. Pan , A. Pandav , A. K. Pandey , T. Pani , A. Paul , B. Pawlik , D. Pawlowska , C. Perkins , J. Pluta , B. R. Pokhrel , J. Porter , M. Posik , T. Protzman , V. Prozorova , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , Z. Qin , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , C. Racz , S. K. Radhakrishnan , N. Raha , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , M. Robotkova , J. L. Romero , D. Roy , P. Roy Chowdhury , L. Ruan , A. K. Sahoo , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , S. Sato , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , F-J. Seck , J. Seger , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , T. Shao , R. Sharma , A. I. Sheikh , D. Y. Shen , K. Shen , S. S. Shi , Y. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , R. Sikora , J. Singh , S. Singha , P. Sinha , M. J. Skoby , N. Smirnov , Y. Söhngen , W. Solyst , Y. Song , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , M. Stefaniak , D. J. Stewart , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , M. Sumbera , C. Sun , X. M. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , Z. W. Sweger , P. Szymanski , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , T. Truhlar , B. A. Trzeciak , O. D. Tsai , C. Y. Tsang , Z. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , I. Vassiliev , V. Verkest , F. Videbæk , S. A. Voloshin , F. Wang , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , P. Wang , X. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , G. D. Westfall , D. Wielanek , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , R. Witt , J. Wu , J. Wu , X. Wu , Y. Wu , B. Xi , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , G. Yan , Z. Yan , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , Y. Yu , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , F. Zhao , J. Zhao , M. Zhao , C. Zhou , J. Zhou , Y. Zhou , X. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

Measurements of Proton High Order Cumulants in 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions and Implications for the QCD Critical Point

We report cumulants of the proton multiplicity distribution from dedicated fixed-target Au+Au collisions at 3.0 GeV, measured by the STAR experiment in the kinematic acceptance of rapidity ($y$) and transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) within…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2022-07-21 STAR Collaboration , M. S. Abdallah , B. E. Aboona , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , G. Agakishiev , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , I. Alekseev , D. M. Anderson , A. Aparin , E. C. Aschenauer , M. U. Ashraf , F. G. Atetalla , A. Attri , G. S. Averichev , V. Bairathi , W. Baker , J. G. Ball Cap , K. Barish , A. Behera , R. Bellwied , P. Bhagat , A. Bhasin , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , I. G. Bordyuzhin , J. D. Brandenburg , A. V. Brandin , I. Bunzarov , X. Z. Cai , H. Caines , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , B. K. Chan , F-H. Chang , Z. Chang , N. Chankova-Bunzarova , A. Chatterjee , S. Chattopadhyay , D. Chen , J. Chen , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , M. Chevalier , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , M. Csanád , M. Daugherity , T. G. Dedovich , I. M. Deppner , A. A. Derevschikov , A. Dhamija , L. Di Carlo , L. Didenko , P. Dixit , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , E. Duckworth , J. C. Dunlop , N. Elsey , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , A. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , F. M. Fawzi , S. Fazio , P. Federic , J. Fedorisin , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , P. Filip , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , A. Francisco , C. Fu , L. Fulek , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , N. Ghimire , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , X. Gou , D. Grosnick , A. Gupta , W. Guryn , A. I. Hamad , A. Hamed , Y. Han , S. Harabasz , M. D. Harasty , J. W. Harris , H. Harrison , S. He , W. He , X. H. He , Y. He , S. Heppelmann , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , E. Hoffman , L. Holub , Y. Hu , H. Huang , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , Y. Huang , T. J. Humanic , G. Igo , D. Isenhower , W. W. Jacobs , C. Jena , A. Jentsch , Y. Ji , J. Jia , K. Jiang , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , M. L. Kabir , S. Kagamaster , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , A. Kechechyan , M. Kelsey , Y. V. Khyzhniak , D. P. Kikoła , C. Kim , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , I. Kisel , A. Kiselev , A. G. Knospe , H. S. Ko , L. Kochenda , L. K. Kosarzewski , L. Kramarik , P. Kravtsov , L. Kumar , S. Kumar , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , S. Lan , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , R. Lednicky , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , N. Lewis , C. Li , C. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , X. Liang , Y. Liang , R. Licenik , T. Lin , Y. Lin , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , H. Liu , H. Liu , P. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Z. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , R. S. Longacre , E. Loyd , N. S. Lukow , X. F. Luo , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , J. A. Mazer , N. G. Minaev , S. Mioduszewski , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , D. A. Morozov , A. Mukherjee , M. Nagy , J. D. Nam , Md. Nasim , K. Nayak , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , G. Nigmatkulov , T. Niida , R. Nishitani , L. V. Nogach , T. Nonaka , A. S. Nunes , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , V. A. Okorokov , B. S. Page , R. Pak , J. Pan , A. Pandav , A. K. Pandey , Y. Panebratsev , P. Parfenov , B. Pawlik , D. Pawlowska , C. Perkins , L. Pinsky , J. Pluta , B. R. Pokhrel , G. Ponimatkin , J. Porter , M. Posik , V. Prozorova , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , C. Racz , S. K. Radhakrishnan , N. Raha , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , M. Robotkova , O. V. Rogachevskiy , J. L. Romero , D. Roy , L. Ruan , J. Rusnak , A. K. Sahoo , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , J. Sandweiss , S. Sato , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , B. R. Schweid , F. Seck , J. Seger , M. Sergeeva , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , E. Shahaliev , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , T. Shao , A. I. Sheikh , D. Y. Shen , S. S. Shi , Y. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , R. Sikora , M. Simko , J. Singh , S. Singha , M. J. Skoby , N. Smirnov , Y. Söhngen , W. Solyst , Y. Song , P. Sorensen , H. M. Spinka , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , M. Stefaniak , D. J. Stewart , M. Strikhanov , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , M. Sumbera , B. Summa , X. M. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , D. N. Svirida , Z. W. Sweger , P. Szymanski , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , A. Taranenko , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , M. Tokarev , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , T. Truhlar , B. A. Trzeciak , O. D. Tsai , Z. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , A. N. Vasiliev , I. Vassiliev , V. Verkest , F. Videbæk , S. Vokal , S. A. Voloshin , F. Wang , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , P. Wang , X. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , L. Wen , G. D. Westfall , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , R. Witt , J. Wu , J. Wu , Y. Wu , B. Xi , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , G. Yan , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , Y. Yu , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , J. Zhao , C. Zhou , Y. Zhou , X. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

Constraining Sea Quark Distributions Through $W^{\pm}$ Cross Section Ratios Measured at STAR

Over the past several years the STAR experiment at RHIC has been contributing to our understanding of the proton structure. Through its instrumentation, STAR is well equipped to measure $W \rightarrow \nu + e$ in $\sqrt{s}$ = 500/510 GeV…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2015-07-30 M. Posik

QCD Critical Point and Net-Proton Number Fluctuations at RHIC-STAR

In the search of QCD phase boundary and critical point, higher-order cumulants of conserved quantities are proposed as promising observables and have been studied extensively both experimentally and theoretically. In this paper we present…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2022-02-03 Yu Zhang

Two-component model in quantum statistical framework compared with multiplicity distributions in proton-proton collisions at energies up to $\sqrt {s}$ = 7 TeV

Proton-proton collisions at new high energies ($\sqrt {s} =$ 2.36 and 7 TeV) at LHC resulted into greater mean multiplicities ($<n>$) of charged particles in the mid-rapidity region than estimated ones by different models and event…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2012-02-21 Premomoy Ghosh

Higher moment fluctuations of identified particle distributions from ALICE

Cumulants of conserved charges fluctuations are regarded as a potential tool to study the criticality in the QCD phase diagram and to determine the freeze-out parameters in a model-independent way. At LHC energies, the measurements of the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2019-02-20 Nirbhay Kumar Behera

Proton number cumulants and correlation functions from hydrodynamics and the QCD phase diagram

We analyze the behavior of (net-)proton number cumulants in central collisions of heavy ions across a broad collision energy range by utilizing hydrodynamic simulations. The calculations incorporate essential non-critical contributions to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-08-05 Volodymyr Vovchenko , Volker Koch , Chun Shen

Energy Dependence of Moments of Net-Proton, Net-Kaon, and Net-Charge Multiplicity Distributions at STAR

One of the main goals of the RHIC Beam Energy Scan (BES) program is to study the QCD phase structure, which includes the search for the QCD critical point, over a wide range of chemical potential. Theoretical calculations predict that…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2016-11-23 Ji Xu

Searching for the QCD Critical Point through Fluctuations at RHIC

Fluctuations and correlations of conserved quantities (baryon number, strangeness, and charge) can be used to probe phases of strongly interacting QCD matter and the possible existence of a critical point in the phase diagram. The cumulants…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-08-14 Roli Esha

Exploring the Spin Structure of the Proton with Two-Body Partonic Scattering at RHIC

The STAR collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is using polarized proton beams at sqrt{s} = 200 GeV to study the spin structure of the proton. The first results for the double spin helicity dependence of inclusive jet…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2008-11-26 J. Sowinski

Cumulants and Correlation Functions vs the QCD phase diagram

In this paper we discuss the relation of particle number cumulants and correlation functions. It is argued that measuring couplings of the genuine multi-particle correlation functions could provide cleaner information on possible…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-05-17 Adam Bzdak , Volker Koch , Nils Strodthoff

Cumulants of the multiplicity distributions of identified particles measured in heavy-ion collisions by HADES

The HADES experiment investigates the reaction products of heavy-ion collisions at a few GeV, providing access to QCD matter at high net-baryon densities. A particular focus is the reconstruction of higher-order cumulant ratios of proton…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-10-20 Marvin Nabroth

Skewness, kurtosis and the 5th and 6th order cumulants of net baryon-number distributions from lattice QCD confront high-statistics STAR data

We present new results on up to $6^{th}$ order cumulants of net baryon-number fluctuations at small values of the baryon chemical potential, $\mu_B$, obtained in lattice QCD calculations with physical values of light and strange quark…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2020-04-08 A. Bazavov , D. Bollweg , H. -T. Ding , P. Enns , J. Goswami , P. Hegde , O. Kaczmarek , F. Karsch , R. Larsen , Swagato Mukherjee , H. Ohno , P. Petreczky , C. Schmidt , S. Sharma , P. Steinbrecher

Off-diagonal cumulants of net-charge, net-proton and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV from STAR

Fluctuations of conserved quantities such as net-baryon, net-charge, and net-strangeness numbers have generated considerable interest in the study of the thermodynamic properties of the hot and dense QCD matter. Theoretical calculations…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2021-09-14 Arghya Chatterjee

Measurement of the Sixth-Order Cumulant of Net-Proton Distributions in Au+Au Collisions from the STAR Experiment

Higher-order cumulants of the net-baryon multiplicity distributions are predicted to be sensitive to the properties of the nuclear matter created in high-energy nuclear collisions. In this talk, we present the collision centrality and…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2021-02-03 Toshihiro Nonaka