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The problem-solving in automated theorem proving (ATP) can be interpreted as a search problem where the prover constructs a proof tree step by step. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm for proof search in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Mitsuru Kusumoto , Keisuke Yahata , Masahiro Sakai

Explicit theory axioms are added by a saturation-based theorem prover as one of the techniques for supporting theory reasoning. While simple and effective, adding theory axioms can also pollute the search space with many irrelevant…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Bernhard Gleiss , Martin Suda

The expression problem describes a fundamental tradeoff between two types of extensibility: extending a type with new operations, such as by pattern matching on an algebraic data type in functional programming, and extending a type with new…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Bohdan Liesnikov , David Binder , Tim Süberkrüb

Analyzing texts such as open-ended responses, headlines, or social media posts is a time- and labor-intensive process highly susceptible to bias. LLMs are promising tools for text analysis, using either a predefined (top-down) or a…

Entity set expansion, aiming at expanding a small seed entity set with new entities belonging to the same semantic class, is a critical task that benefits many downstream NLP and IR applications, such as question answering, query…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Yunyi Zhang , Jiaming Shen , Jingbo Shang , Jiawei Han

Extracting MITRE ATT\&CK Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) from natural language threat reports is crucial yet challenging. Existing methods primarily focus on performance metrics using data-driven approaches, often neglecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Cheng Meng , ZhengWei Jiang , QiuYun Wang , XinYi Li , ChunYan Ma , FangMing Dong , FangLi Ren , BaoXu Liu

The large language models (LLMs) might produce a persuasive argument within mathematical and logical fields, although such argument often includes some minor missteps, including the entire omission of side conditions, invalid inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Kranthi Kommuru , Kunal Khanvilkar , Gaurav Parekh

Hybrid systems theorem proving provides strong correctness guarantees about the interacting discrete and continuous dynamics of cyber-physical systems. The trustworthiness of proofs rests on the soundness of the proof calculus and its…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Stefan Mitsch

The program synthesis problem within the Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) community has typically been seen as untyped. We consider the benefits of user provided types on background knowledge. Building on the Meta-Interpretive Learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Rolf Morel

We introduce a type and effect system, for an imperative object calculus, which infers "sharing" possibly introduced by the evaluation of an expression, represented as an equivalence relation among its free variables. This direct…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-08-03 Paola Giannini , Tim Richter , Marco Servetto , Elena Zucca

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their ability to process long contexts, yet a notable gap remains in generating long, aligned outputs. This limitation stems from a training gap where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Shanghaoran Quan , Tianyi Tang , Bowen Yu , An Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Bofei Gao , Jianhong Tu , Yichang Zhang , Jingren Zhou , Junyang Lin

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) gives rise to ethical concerns about their performance, while opening new avenues for developing toxic language detection techniques. However, LLMs' unethical output and their capability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xi Chen , Shuo Wang

We consider the problem of type-directed component based synthesis where, given a set of (typed) components and a query type, the goal is to synthesize a term that inhabits the query. Classical approaches based on proof search in…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Zheng Guo , Michael James , David Justo , Jiaxiao Zhou , Ziteng Wang , Ranjit Jhala , Nadia Polikarpova

Dynamic languages (such as Python and JavaScript) offer flexibility and simplified type handling for programming, but this can also lead to an increase in type-related errors and additional overhead for compile-time type inference. As a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Teyu Lin , Minghao Fan , Huaxun Huang , Zhirong Shen , Rongxin Wu

This paper concerns the development of metatheory for extensible languages. It uses as its starting point a view that programming languages tailored to specific application domains are to be constructed by composing components from an open…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Dawn Michaelson , Gopalan Nadathur , Eric Van Wyk

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) in formal languages remains a formidable challenge in AI, demanding rigorous logical deduction and navigating vast search spaces. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promising performance, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Zhenwen Liang , Linfeng Song , Yang Li , Tao Yang , Feng Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

A key challenge in automated formal reasoning is the intractable search space, which grows exponentially with the depth of the proof. This branching is caused by the large number of candidate proof tactics which can be applied to a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Sean Lamont , Christian Walder , Amir Dezfouli , Paul Montague , Michael Norrish

Proof assistants like Lean have revolutionized mathematical proof verification, ensuring high accuracy and reliability. Although large language models (LLMs) show promise in mathematical reasoning, their advancement in formal theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Huajian Xin , Daya Guo , Zhihong Shao , Zhizhou Ren , Qihao Zhu , Bo Liu , Chong Ruan , Wenda Li , Xiaodan Liang

Automatically inducing the syntactic part-of-speech categories for words in text is a fundamental task in Computational Linguistics. While the performance of unsupervised tagging models has been slowly improving, current state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-02-27 Greg Dubbin , Phil Blunsom

Table reasoning tasks have shown remarkable progress with the development of large language models (LLMs), which involve interpreting and drawing conclusions from tabular data based on natural language (NL) questions. Existing solutions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Yuan Sui , Jiaru Zou , Mengyu Zhou , Xinyi He , Lun Du , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang