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Calculating the effort required to complete a task has always been somewhat difficult, as it depends on each person and becomes very subjective. For this reason, different methodologies were developed to try to standardize these procedures.…
The NASA task load index (short: NASA-TLX) is a common metric to evaluate the workload of a user in a visualization study. Yet, it is rarely performed as initially intended, as the sources-of-workload evaluation is often omitted for various…
The introduction of automated vehicles has redefined the level of interaction between the driver and the vehicle, introducing new tasks and so impose different workloads. Existing tools such as NASA-TLX and DALI are still used to assess…
Lower-limb exosuits are particularly relevant for individuals with some degree of mobility impairment, such as post-stroke patients or older adults with reduced movement capabilities. This study aims to investigate the mental workload (MWL)…
Background: The increasing adoption of AI assistants in programming has led to numerous studies exploring their benefits. While developers consistently report significant productivity gains from these tools, empirical measurements often…
Context: Search-based software testing promises to provide users with the ability to generate high-quality test cases, and hence increase product quality, with a minimal increase in the time and effort required. One result that emerged out…
This study aimed to explore how novices and experts differ in performing complex psychomotor tasks guided by augmented reality (AR), focusing on decision-making and technical proficiency. Participants were divided into novice and expert…
The search task and the system both affect the demand on cognitive resources during information search. In some situations, the demands may become too high for a person. This article has a three-fold goal. First, it presents and critiques…
Web applications, accessible via web browsers over the Internet, facilitate complex functionalities without local software installation. In the context of web applications, a workload refers to the number of user requests sent by users or…
Assessing cognitive load on web search is useful for characterizing search system features and search tasks with respect to their demands on the searcher's mental effort. It is also helpful for examining how individual differences among…
Manipulating MW in driving simulator studies without the need to introduce a non-driving-related task remains challenging. This study aims to empirically evaluate the modified speed regulation n-back task, a tool to manipulate drivers' MW.…
In this study, we investigated gaze-based interaction methods within a virtual reality game with a visual search task with 52 participants. We compared four different interaction techniques: Selection by dwell time or confirmation of…
When users are looking for information on the Web, they show different behavior for different task types, e.g., for fact finding vs. information gathering tasks. For example, related work in this area has investigated how this behavior can…
The cognitive load can be used to assess if someone is struggling while performing a task. It can be used in many different situations such as in driving, piloting, studying, playing, working, etc. This information can help to design better…
Aiming to help people conduct online research tasks, much research has gone into tools for searching for, collecting, organizing, and synthesizing online information. However, outside of the lab, in-the-wild sensemaking sessions (with data…
We describe a method of estimating a user's time-on-task in an online learning environment. The method is agnostic of the details of the user's mental activity and does not rely on any data except timestamps of user's interactions,…
This paper presents MOCAS, a multimodal dataset dedicated for human cognitive workload (CWL) assessment. In contrast to existing datasets based on virtual game stimuli, the data in MOCAS was collected from realistic closed-circuit…
Providing an accurate and efficient assessment of operative difficulty is important for designing robot-assisted teleoperation interfaces that are easy and natural for human operators to use. In this paper, we aim to develop a data-driven…
AI-based interactive assistants are advancing human-augmenting technology, yet their effects on users' mental and physiological states remain under-explored. We address this gap by analyzing how Copilot for Microsoft Word, a LLM-based…
Critical task and cognition-based environments, such as in military and defense operations, aviation user-technology interaction evaluation on UI, understanding intuitiveness of a hardware model or software toolkit, etc. require an…