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Unlike the standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) model, many real-world tasks are non-Markovian, whose rewards are predicated on state history rather than solely on the current state. Solving a non-Markovian task, frequently applied in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ruixuan Miao , Xu Lu , Cong Tian , Bin Yu , Zhenhua Duan

A challenging problem for autonomous systems is to synthesize a reactive controller that conforms to a set of given correctness properties. Linear temporal logic (LTL) provides a formal language to specify the desired behavioral properties…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Rayna Dimitrova , Mahsa Ghasemi , Ufuk Topcu

We present GradSTL, the first fully comprehensive implementation of signal temporal logic (STL) suitable for integration with neurosymbolic learning. In particular, GradSTL can successfully evaluate any STL constraint over any signal,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Mark Chevallier , Filip Smola , Richard Schmoetten , Jacques D. Fleuriot

Optimizing high-level mission planning constraints is traditionally solved in exponential time and requires to split the problem into several ones, making the connections between them a convoluted task. This paper aims at generalizing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-11 Thomas Claudet , Davide Martire , Damiana Losa , Francesco Sanfedino , Daniel Alazard

We present a framework to synthesize control policies for nonlinear dynamical systems from complex temporal constraints specified in a rich temporal logic called Signal Temporal Logic (STL). We propose a novel smooth and differentiable STL…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Iman Haghighi , Noushin Mehdipour , Ezio Bartocci , Calin Belta

We present a reinforcement learning (RL) framework to synthesize a control policy from a given linear temporal logic (LTL) specification in an unknown stochastic environment that can be modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP).…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Alper Kamil Bozkurt , Yu Wang , Michael M. Zavlanos , Miroslav Pajic

This paper addresses the problem of designing control policies for agents with unknown stochastic dynamics and control objectives specified using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have aimed to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Jun Wang , Hosein Hasanbeig , Kaiyuan Tan , Zihe Sun , Yiannis Kantaros

We present a mathematical programming-based method for model predictive control of cyber-physical systems subject to signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. We describe the use of STL to specify a wide range of properties of these…

We propose a framework based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to determine an optimal control strategy for a discrete-time system that is required to satisfy specifications given as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulae. RNNs can store…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-25 Wenliang Liu , Noushin Mehdipour , Calin Belta

Modern Reinforcement Learning (RL) is commonly applied to practical problems with an enormous number of states, where function approximation must be deployed to approximate either the value function or the policy. The introduction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-09 Chi Jin , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Michael I. Jordan

Motion planning for autonomous vehicles often requires satisfying multiple conditionally conflicting specifications. In situations where not all specifications can be met simultaneously, minimum-violation motion planning maintains system…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Patrick Halder , Lothar Kiltz , Hannes Homburger , Johannes Reuter , Matthias Althoff

We present a method to generate a robot control strategy that maximizes the probability to accomplish a task. The task is given as a Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formula over a set of properties that can be satisfied at the regions of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-03-19 Xu Chu Ding , Stephen L. Smith , Calin Belta , Daniela Rus

This paper studies the synthesis of control policies for an agent that has to satisfy a temporal logic specification in a partially observable environment, in the presence of an adversary. The interaction of the agent (defender) with the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-09 Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Luyao Niu , Andrew Clark , Linda Bushnell , Radha Poovendran

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers verifiable task specifications and is crucial for safety-critical control. Yet STL planning remains challenging: exact optimization-based methods are often too slow, and learning-based methods struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Bowen Ye , Ancheng Hou , Junyue Huang , Ruijia Liu , Xiang Yin

Real-world robotic tasks often require agents to achieve sequences of goals while respecting time-varying safety constraints. However, standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) paradigms are fundamentally limited in these settings. A natural…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Anastasios Manganaris , Vittorio Giammarino , Ahmed H. Qureshi

Continuously learning new tasks using high-level ideas or knowledge is a key capability of humans. In this paper, we propose Lifelong reinforcement learning with Sequential linear temporal logic formulas and Reward Machines (LSRM), which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Xuejing Zheng , Chao Yu , Chen Chen , Jianye Hao , Hankz Hankui Zhuo

We study reinforcement learning (RL) in the setting of continuous time and space, for an infinite horizon with a discounted objective and the underlying dynamics driven by a stochastic differential equation. Built upon recent advances in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Hanyang Zhao , Wenpin Tang , David D. Yao

We present a robust control framework for time-critical systems in which satisfying real-time constraints robustly is of utmost importance for the safety of the system. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) provides a formal means to express a large…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-15 Alena Rodionova , Lars Lindemann , Manfred Morari , George J. Pappas

Most current methods for learning from demonstrations assume that those demonstrations alone are sufficient to learn the underlying task. This is often untrue, especially if extra safety specifications exist which were not present in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Craig Innes , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), especially those involving autonomy, need guarantees of their safety. Runtime Enforcement (RE) is a lightweight method to formally ensure that some specified properties are satisfied over the executions of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Han Su , Saumya Shankar , Srinivas Pinisetty , Partha S. Roop , Naijun Zhan