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Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language for specifying spatio-temporal requirements over real-valued, real-time signals. It has been widely used for the verification and synthesis of autonomous systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bowen Ye , Zhijian Li , Junyue Huang , Junkai Ma , Xiang Yin

Learning control policies for complex, long-horizon tasks is a central challenge in robotics and autonomous systems. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers a powerful and expressive language for specifying such tasks, but its non-Markovian…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yue Meng , Fei Chen , Chuchu Fan

For performing robotic manipulation tasks, the core problem is determining suitable trajectories that fulfill the task requirements. Various approaches to compute such trajectories exist, being learning and optimization the main driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Akshay Dhonthi , Philipp Schillinger , Leonel Rozo , Daniele Nardi

In many real-world applications, safety constraints for reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are either unknown or not explicitly defined. We propose a framework that concurrently learns safety constraints and optimal RL policies in such…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-02 Lunet Yifru , Ali Baheri

Natural language is an intuitive way for humans to communicate tasks to a robot. While natural language (NL) is ambiguous, real world tasks and their safety requirements need to be communicated unambiguously. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Sara Mohammadinejad , Jesse Thomason , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as an efficient method of choice for solving complex sequential decision making problems in automatic control, computer science, economics, and biology. In this paper we present a model-free RL…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Mohammadhosein Hasanbeig , Yiannis Kantaros , Alessandro Abate , Daniel Kroening , George J. Pappas , Insup Lee

We introduce a metric that can quantify the temporal relaxation of Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications and facilitate resilient control synthesis in the face of infeasibilities. The proposed metric quantifies a cumulative notion of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-13 Ali Tevfik Buyukkocak , Derya Aksaray

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has the potential to be used for synthesizing feedback controllers (agents) for various complex systems with unknown dynamics. These systems are expected to satisfy diverse safety and liveness properties…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Nikhil Kumar Singh , Indranil Saha

Reward design is a key component of deep reinforcement learning, yet some tasks and designer's objectives may be unnatural to define as a scalar cost function. Among the various techniques, formal methods integrated with DRL have garnered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jiangwei Wang , Shuo Yang , Ziyan An , Songyang Han , Zhili Zhang , Rahul Mangharam , Meiyi Ma , Fei Miao

Ensuring that reinforcement learning (RL) controllers satisfy safety and reliability constraints in real-world settings remains challenging: state-avoidance and constrained Markov decision processes often fail to capture trajectory-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Alper Kamil Bozkurt , Calin Belta , Ming C. Lin

Tasks with complex temporal structures and long horizons pose a challenge for reinforcement learning agents due to the difficulty in specifying the tasks in terms of reward functions as well as large variances in the learning signals. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Xiao Li , Yao Ma , Calin Belta

Multi-task learning (MTL) seeks to improve the generalized performance of learning specific tasks, exploiting useful information incorporated in related tasks. As a promising area, this paper studies an MTL-based control approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-01 Andres Arias , Chuangchuang Sun

We propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based control design framework for handling complex tasks. The approach extends the concept of Reward Machines (RM) with Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulas that can be used for event generation.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ana María Gómez Ruiz , Thao Dang , Alexandre Donzé

Real-world robotic systems must comply with safety requirements in the presence of uncertainty. To define and measure requirement adherence, Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers a mathematically rigorous and expressive language. However,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Elizabeth Dietrich , Hanna Krasowski , Emir Cem Gezer , Roger Skjetne , Asgeir Johan Sørensen , Murat Arcak

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is expressive formal language that specifies spatio-temporal requirements in robotics. Its quantitative robustness semantics can be easily integrated with optimization-based control frameworks. However, STL…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Tianhao Wu , Yiwei Lyu

Autonomous agents often operate in uncertain environments where their decisions are made based on beliefs over states of targets. We are interested in controller synthesis for complex tasks defined over belief spaces. Designing such…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-30 Chanyeol Yoo , Calin Belta

We study motion planning under Signal Temporal Logic (STL), a useful formalism for specifying spatial-temporal requirements. We pose STL synthesis as a trajectory optimization problem leveraging the STL robustness semantics. To obtain a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shaohang Han , Joris Verhagen , Jana Tumova

This paper proposes Proximal Policy Optimization with Linear Temporal Logic Constraints (PPO-LTL), a framework that integrates safety constraints written in LTL into PPO for safe reinforcement learning. LTL constraints offer rigorous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Maifang Zhang , Hang Yu , Qian Zuo , Cheng Wang , Vaishak Belle , Fengxiang He

There are spatio-temporal rules that dictate how robots should operate in complex environments, e.g., road rules govern how (self-driving) vehicles should behave on the road. However, seamlessly incorporating such rules into a robot control…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Karen Leung , Marco Pavone

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) offers a precise means for constraining the behavior of reinforcement learning agents. However, in many settings where both satisfaction and optimality conditions are present, LTL is insufficient to capture both.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ameesh Shah , Cameron Voloshin , Chenxi Yang , Abhinav Verma , Swarat Chaudhuri , Sanjit A. Seshia