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Explainability and comprehensibility of AI are important requirements for intelligent systems deployed in real-world domains. Users want and frequently need to understand how decisions impacting them are made. Similarly it is important to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Roman V. Yampolskiy

The adoption of intelligent systems creates opportunities as well as challenges for medical work. On the positive side, intelligent systems have the potential to compute complex data from patients and generate automated diagnosis…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Yao Xie , Ge Gao , Xiang 'Anthony' Chen

The remarkable achievements of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, particularly in Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), have fueled their extensive deployment across multiple sectors, including Software Engineering (SE).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Sicong Cao , Xiaobing Sun , Ratnadira Widyasari , David Lo , Xiaoxue Wu , Lili Bo , Jiale Zhang , Bin Li , Wei Liu , Di Wu , Yixin Chen

Indecipherable black boxes are common in machine learning (ML), but applications increasingly require explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The core of XAI is to establish transparent and interpretable data-driven algorithms. This work…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Howard Heaton , Samy Wu Fung

Cybersecurity vendors consistently apply AI (Artificial Intelligence) to their solutions and many cybersecurity domains can benefit from AI technology. However, black-box AI techniques present some difficulties in comprehension and adoption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Carlos Mendes , Tatiane Nogueira Rios

The growing adoption of artificial intelligence in healthcare has raised concerns about the transparency and trustworthiness of AI-driven medical diagnosis systems. Many existing models operate as black boxes, limiting clinicians' ability…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Altynbek Seitenov , Ainur Nurzhanova , Azhar Bekbussinova , Yerassyl Bolatkan

The black box nature of deep neural networks poses a significant challenge for the deployment of transparent and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) systems. With the growing presence of AI in society, it becomes increasingly important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Bianka Kowalska , Halina Kwaśnicka

Interest in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence has been growing for decades and has accelerated recently. As Artificial Intelligence models have become more complex, and often more opaque, with the incorporation of complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Shruthi Chari , Daniel M. Gruen , Oshani Seneviratne , Deborah L. McGuinness

The scientific method is the cornerstone of human progress across all branches of the natural and applied sciences, from understanding the human body to explaining how the universe works. The scientific method is based on identifying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Gianmarco Mengaldo

The black-box nature of artificial intelligence (AI) models has been the source of many concerns in their use for critical applications. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a rapidly growing research field that aims to create…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Gaith Rjoub , Jamal Bentahar , Omar Abdel Wahab , Rabeb Mizouni , Alyssa Song , Robin Cohen , Hadi Otrok , Azzam Mourad

Computationally explicit hypotheses of brain function derived from machine learning (ML)-based models have recently revolutionized neuroscience. Despite the unprecedented ability of these artificial neural networks (ANNs) to capture…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-12 Kohitij Kar , Simon Kornblith , Evelina Fedorenko

Explainability is one of the key ethical concepts in the design of AI systems. However, attempts to operationalize this concept thus far have tended to focus on approaches such as new software for model interpretability or guidelines with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Ben Zevenbergen , Allison Woodruff , Patrick Gage Kelley

Many ML models are opaque to humans, producing decisions too complex for humans to easily understand. In response, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) tools that analyze the inner workings of a model have been created. Despite these…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Kiana Alikhademi , Brianna Richardson , Emma Drobina , Juan E. Gilbert

A major requirement for credit scoring models is to provide a maximally accurate risk prediction. Additionally, regulators demand these models to be transparent and auditable. Thus, in credit scoring, very simple predictive models such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-30 Michael Bücker , Gero Szepannek , Alicja Gosiewska , Przemyslaw Biecek

With the broader and highly successful usage of machine learning in industry and the sciences, there has been a growing demand for Explainable AI. Interpretability and explanation methods for gaining a better understanding about the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Wojciech Samek , Grégoire Montavon , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Christopher J. Anders , Klaus-Robert Müller

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is a set of tools and algorithms that applied or embedded to machine learning models to understand and interpret the models. They are recommended especially for complex or advanced models including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Ahmed M Salih , Yuhe Wang

The interpretability of ML models is important, but it is not clear what it amounts to. So far, most philosophers have discussed the lack of interpretability of black-box models such as neural networks, and methods such as explainable AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Tim Räz

(Artificial) neural networks have become increasingly popular in mechanics to accelerate computations with model order reduction techniques and as universal models for a wide variety of materials. However, the major disadvantage of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Arnd Koeppe , Franz Bamer , Michael Selzer , Britta Nestler , Bernd Markert

Deep visual models have widespread applications in high-stake domains. Hence, their black-box nature is currently attracting a large interest of the research community. We present the first survey in Explainable AI that focuses on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Naveed Akhtar

The aim of this article is to understand the problem of "black box" algorithms, an issue inherent to the nascent field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). While it is relatively easy to understand something someone explained to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Remy Demichelis
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