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There are many published estimates of the social cost of carbon. Some are clear outliers, the result of poorly constrained models. Percentile winsorizing is an option, but I here propose conceptual winsorizing: The social cost of carbon is…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-08-13 Richard S. J. Tol

Climate policy has become increasingly politicized in many countries including the US, with some political parties unwilling to pursue strong measures. Therefore, to be successful in mitigation, climate policies must be politically…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-03-13 Andrea Di Benedetto , Claudia E. Wieners , Anna S. von der Heydt

An updated and extended meta-analysis confirms that the central estimate of the social cost of carbon is around $200/tC with a large, right-skewed uncertainty and trending up. The pure rate of time preference and the inverse of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-09-13 Richard S. J. Tol

We present a critical analysis of the simulation framework RICE-N, an integrated assessment model (IAM) for evaluating the impacts of climate change on the economy. We identify key issues with RICE-N, including action masking and irrelevant…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Bram Renting , Phillip Wozny , Robert Loftin , Claudia Wieners , Erman Acar

The United States has long pursued regulations that aim to reduce fossil fuel use. However, while potential emission reduction motivates the introduction and enforcement of these regulations, realization of this potential does not obfuscate…

General Economics · Economics 2025-03-17 Nick Loris , Philip Rossetti , Chung-Yi See , Ashley Nunes

While Generative AI stands to be one of the fastest adopted technologies ever, studies have made evident that the usage of Large Language Models (LLMs) puts significant burden on energy grids and our environment. It may prove a hindrance to…

This paper tests the feasibility and estimates the cost of climate control through economic policies. It provides a toolbox for a statistical historical assessment of a Stochastic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy, and its use in…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-10 Guillaume Chevillon , Takamitsu Kurita

The proliferation of software and AI comes with a hidden risk: its growing energy and carbon footprint. As concerns regarding environmental sustainability come to the forefront, understanding and optimizing how software impacts the…

Until recently, analysis of optimal global climate policy has focused on mitigation. Exploration of policies to meet the 1.5{\deg}C target have brought carbon dioxide removal (CDR), a second instrument, into the climate policy mainstream.…

General Economics · Economics 2019-03-07 Mariia Belaia

As our submission for track three of the AI for Global Climate Cooperation (AI4GCC) competition, we propose a negotiation protocol for use in the RICE-N climate-economic simulation. Our proposal seeks to address the challenges of carbon…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Phillip Wozny , Bram Renting , Robert Loftin , Claudia Wieners , Erman Acar

The rapid increase in computing demand and its corresponding energy consumption have focused attention on computing's impact on the climate and sustainability. Prior work proposes metrics that quantify computing's carbon footprint across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Noman Bashir , Varun Gohil , Anagha Belavadi , Mohammad Shahrad , David Irwin , Elsa Olivetti , Christina Delimitrou

The classical DICE model is a widely accepted integrated assessment model for the joint modeling of economic and climate systems, where all model state variables evolve over time deterministically. We reformulate and solve the DICE model as…

General Economics · Economics 2024-12-13 Pavel V. Shevchenko , Daisuke Murakami , Tomoko Matsui , Tor A. Myrvoll

The rapid growth of data centers is increasing energy demand and widening the carbon gap in the ICT sector, as fossil fuels still dominate global energy production. Addressing this challenge requires collaboration across research, policy,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Rubén Rodríguez Álvarez , Denisa-Andreea Constantinescu , Miguel Peón-Quirós , David Atienza

Despite well-meaning scenarios that propose global CO2 emissions will decline presented in every IPCC report since 1988, the trend of global CO2 increase continues without significant change. Even if any individual nation manages to flatten…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-02-27 Brian P. Hanley , Pieter Tans , Edward A. G. Schuur , Geoffrey Gardiner , Steve Keen , Adam Smith

Carbon matching aims to improve corporate carbon accounting by tracking emissions rather than energy consumption and production. We present a mathematical derivation of carbon matching using marginal emission rates, where the unit of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-26 Nikky Avila , Hank He , Reza Rastegar , Jamie Tolan , Tobias Tiecke , Brian White

In this work, we analyze 126 publicly available IAM climate scenarios modeled by six leading teams in climate science. We define a simple numerical metric that measures the decarbonization speed implied by each IAM scenario. With this…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-10 Fangyuan Zhang

Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 must soon approach net-zero to stabilize the global mean temperature. Although several international agreements have advocated for coordinated climate actions, their implementation has remained below…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-04-26 Saverio Perri , Simon Levin , Lars O. Hedin , Nico Wunderling , Amilcare Porporato

Shadow prices are well understood and are widely used in economic applications. However, there are limits to where shadow prices can be applied assuming their natural interpretation and the fact that they reflect the first order optimality…

General Economics · Economics 2022-11-28 Nikolay Khabarov , Alexey Smirnov , Michael Obersteiner

Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are a central tool for the quantitative analysis of climate change mitigation strategies. However, due to their global, cross-sectoral and centennial scope, IAMs cannot explicitly represent the…

The need to reduce datacenter carbon footprint is urgent. While many sustainability techniques have been proposed, they are often evaluated in isolation, using limited setups or analytical models that overlook real-world dynamics and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Dante Niewenhuis , Sacheendra Talluri , Alexandru Iosup , Tiziano de Matteis